Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences
Volume:13 Issue: 9, 2012

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most important health issues in developing countries. Understanding the epidemiology of tuberculosis is critical for effective disease control. The global burden of tuberculosis, risk factors for transmission, and the epidemiology of tuberculosis will be reviewed in this article. We used Scopus, Embase, PubMed, World Health Organization (WHO) and scientific Iranian journals from 2000 to 2011; and the last reports from Iranian ministry of health, for extracting data. Key words such as tuberculosis, epidemiology, Iran and Sistan- Balouchestan were used. Descending trend of TB incidence was observed over the last 45 years in Iran. Pulmonary TB is the most prevalent kind of TB in Iran in which 53% were sputum smear positive. Extra-pulmonary TB consists 28% of TB patients. Sistan-Balouchestan and Golestan had the highest incidence and prevalence of TB among all provinces in Iran. According to the latest data from Iranian ministry of health, the incidence of TB in Zabol and Zahedan were reported 109.7 and 36.6 per 100000 populations, respectively. More than 80% of TB patients still belong to developing countries. Sistan-Balouchestan and Golestan had the highest incidence of TB and for achieving the goals of WHO, control and prevention of the disease should be followed seriously

Cisplatin is an antineoplastic drug and at high doses is hepatotoxic. Oxidative stress has been proven to be involved in cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity. Because of antioxidant potential of turnip (Brassica rapa. L) root, the objective of this study was to examine the protective effect of turnip root ethanolic extract (TREE), on cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity in rat. Forty male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four equal groups. Group 1 was used as control; groups 2 and 4 were orally treated with TREE (200 mg/kg) for 15 consecutive days. Groups 3 and 4 received a single intraperitoneal dose of cisplatin (7.5 mg/kg) on the 10th day of the experiment. At the end of experiment, serum levels of aspartate and alanine transaminases, lactate dehydogenase and total bilirubin, albumin and total proteins were assessed. Malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were assayed in liver homogenates. Finally, the biochemical findings were matched with histopathological verifications. In group 4, TREE significantly (p=0.0001) decreased the elevated levels of serum biomarkers of hepatic injury and total bilirubin; and significantly increased the reduced levels of serum albumin and total proteins (respectively p=0.001, p=0.032). In this group, TREE significantly (p=0.0001) decreased the lipid peroxidation and elevated the decreased values of hepatic antioxidants. Histopathologically, the changes were in the same direction with biochemical findings. Because of anti-oxidant potentials of TREE, it may have a protective effect against cisplatin induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

Exercise plays an important role to improve cardiovascular performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect 8wk of aerobic cyclic training and a detraining period on left ventricular structure and function in non-athlete healthy men. In this research, ten male non-athlete students were volunteered and participated in a 8- week running program (3days/week, at 70% of Maximum Heart Rate) and 4 weeks detraining afterwards. In each session, cyclic running was done in 5 nine-minute stages and there was a four-minute inactive rest among them. Using echocardiography, there was a significant difference in interventricular septal thickness, percent of rapid shortening and percent of ejection fraction after 8 weeks training compared to before training. It was found no significant difference end-diastolic and end-systolic dimensions, posterior wall thickness, left atrium diameter, aortic root thickness, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures. There was a significant difference in end-systolic dimension, intervntricular septal thickness, left atrium diameter, percent of rapid shortening and ejection fraction following 4-week detraining after training compared to 8-week. Eight-week aerobic cyclic training and a detraining period can effect on left ventricle structure and function.

The leaves of Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus) are used for treatment of diabetes mellitus in traditional medicine. The aim of present study is to evaluate the effects of eucalyptus in treatment of systemic infection with Candida albicans in normal and streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats. Sixty normoglycemic male Wistar rats, weighing 200-250 g, were selected and randomly divided into six groups (n=10): I. normal control, II. control+C. albicans, III. control+eucalyptus+C. albicans, IV. Diabetic control, V. diabetic+ C. albicans, VI. d iabetic +eucalyptus + C. albicans. Experimental diabetes was induced in IV-VI groups after a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body weight) and eucalyptus was added to the diet (62.5 g/kg) and drinking water (2.5 g/L) of III and VI groups for 3 weeks. The II, III, V, and VI groups were inoculated with C. albicans in seventh day using intraperitoneal injection of C. albicans. At the end of 23 days experiment, fasted rats were killed by cervical decapitation. Blood was collected from neck vein for estimation of glucose. C. albicans concentrations were estimated in liver and kidneys using serial dilution culture of tissue homogenates. E ucalyptus administration significantly improved the hyperglycemia, polydipsia, polyphagia, and it also compensated weight loss of diabetic rats (p =0.05). Moreover, eucalyptus caused a significant reduction in C. albicans concentration in liver and kidney homogenates (p =0.04). The results revealed that eucalyptus improves Candidia infection in normal and diabetic rats.

It has been shown that body weight affects on Bone Mineral Density (BMD). Body weight composed of Fat Mass (FM) and Lean Body Mass (LBM), each of them affects on BMD differently. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between anthropometric factors (FM, LBM and BMI) and BMD of lumbar spine in athletic (runners) and non athletic premenopausal women. The subjects included 15 female athletes and 15 female non-athletes (30-45 years). All female runners (experimental group) were running 8 km in each session, 3 sessions per week for at least 4 years. However, the control group (female non-athletes) had no specific sport activity. Body Mass Index (BMI) of subjects was calculated manually. BMD, FM and LBM also measured by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The results showed that in the experimental group there is a significant relationship between LBM and BMD of lumbar spine and in the control group, FM and BMD of lumbar spine were related tp each other significantly. The results also showed that there is not relationship between BMI and BMD of lumbar spine in the two groups. The authors suggest that LBM and FM may predict respectively BMD of lumbar spine in athletic and non-athletic pre-menopause women.

Objective estimates of likelihood of death in burn patients would be useful in making treatment plans. Recently burn mortality has been decreased. Investigators were trying to find more integrated system of risk stratification in this group. The acute physiologic and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) III is widely used to predict outcome in intensive care units. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prognostic value of ABSI and APACHE III in burn patients. The current cross-sectional study was conducted during a six month period in Imam-Reza hospital burn unit. In all patients more than 16 year-old the following variables were recorded. Age, sex, TBSA, percentage of deep burn and mucosal injuries, ABSI score, APACHE score and outcome of 90 patients were analyzed. Mean and standard deviation of scores were calculated. The independent t-test was used to compare the mean scores of the variables. P-value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant Ninety patients enrolled into the study (35 male and 55 female). Seventy cases survived (group 1) and 20 died (group 2). The mean score of ABSI system were significantly different between two groups (p<0.001).In contrast on the basis of APACHE system the differences between two groups were not statistically significant. ABSI is a reliable predictor burn patient’s mortality. The issue is in doubt for APACHE and needs to be more investigated.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic disease in many tropical and sub-tropical countries; caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania and can be transmitted by sand fly bites (Psychodidae). The aim of this study was the detection of cutaneous leishmaniasis cases in Hamadan, Iran. This investigation is a descriptive, cross sectional and retrospective study. The disease was diagnosed based on clinical examination and microscopic observation of the parasite in the ulcer site from April 2004 to November 2010. Data processing and statistical analysis were performed using SPSS software, Ver. 16. The results revealed that number of infected cases in Hamadan were 81 people during the study. Maximum cases have been reported in 2006 (17 persons or 21%) and minimum in 2007 and 2010 (7 persons or 8.6%) in each year. Seventy-seven cases (95.1%) were men and the remaining four patients (4.9%) were female. The statistical difference between them were significant (p<0.01). The majority of cases were groups of 16-30 and 31-45 years-old with 48.1% and 30.9%, respectively. Nearly 77.8% of the patients were living in urban and 22.2% in rural areas. Most of the cases (37.0%) had one and 28.4% two ulcers. The most common location of ulcers were on the hands (50.6%) and then on their feet (23.5%). The steady trend of disease in different years showed that Hamadan city is a non-endemic area. Further epidemiological investigations of disease particularly CL are suggested.

It has been demonstrated that tramadol, asemisynthetic opioid, is an effective analgesic with systemic (central) and local (peripheral) anesthetic effects. The aim of this study was to compare the post-operative anesthetic effect of subcutaneous wound infiltration of tramadol with normal saline as placebo in the incision wounds after appendectomy and measuring the average need to petidine during the next 24 hours after the appendectomy. This double blind study was carried out on 60 patients over 15 years old. Patients were randomly divided in two equal groups. At the end of procedure after repairing fascia 100mg of tramadol that was diluted with water for injection up to 10 cc in one syringe or 10 cc of normal saline in another syringe was infiltrated subcutaneously by surgeon before suturing the skin. The intensity of pain (NRS) was recorded in the recovery room, after 6 and 24 hours post-operation as well as total amount of administered petidine in the same period. At the end of study the intensity of pain in the mentioned times and the average use of petidine compared in two groups. A significant difference was noted in the severity of pain between two groups in recovery time, 6 and 24 hours afetr operation that was lower in tramadol group (p<0.0001). Also the average use of petidine was significantly lower in tramadol group in 24 hours (p<0.05). The average severity of pain by NRS in recovery was 5.36 for control (N) and 3.08 for tramadol (T) groups; and after 6 hours it was 5.36 for (N) and 3.36 for (T) and after 24 hours reached to 3.08 for (N) and 2.08 for (T) and the average number of injected 25mg ampoules of petidine was 1.56 in (N) and 0.76 in (T). Local wound infiltration of tramadol is a good choice for reduction of post appendectomy pain and decreasing need for high potent opioid analgesics.

The objective of this study was to predict the incidence of musculoskeletal disorders in potters of Meybod city by performing CTD risk index method.

This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. Target society was all workers in pottery workshops which were located in the Meybod. Information related to musculoskeletal disorders was obtained by the Nordic questionnaire and we used CTD risk index method to predict the incidence of musculoskeletal disorders.

We observed in this study that 59.3% of the potters had symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders in at least in one of their upper extremities. Also significant differences between mean CTD risk index on potters with and without symptoms of the upper limb musculoskeletal disorders, respectively (p = 0.038).

CTD risk index method can be as a suitable method for predicting the incidence of musculoskeletal disorders used in the potters. [ZJRMS, 2012; 13(9): 48-51]

There are malignant and benign intra-oral pathologic lesions of salivary gland. Reevaluation of paitants’ age, sex and location of lesions can help to have better diagnosis and accurate comparison with other studies in other countries.

In a retrospective study, cases of benign and malignant salivary gland during 1369 to 1385 retrieved from the files and histopathologic records of cases diagnosed at Shiraz School of Dentistry.

From 110 cases, 70 cases had mucocele, 15 had sialadenitis, 7 of pleomorphic adenoma, 3 mucoepidermoid carcinoma and the remaining 3 cases had adenoid cystic carcinoma. The mean age for patients with mucoceles was 20. 8 and the most common site were mucosa of the lower lips. The mean age for patients with sialadenitis was 34. The most common sites were mucosa of the lips and submandibular gland. The mean age of pleomorphic adenoma was 32 and the most common site was hard palate. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma was detected in 3 males at the ages of 44 to 54. Adenoidcystic carcinoma was seen in 3 patients at the ages of 18 to 32.

Mucocele was the most common lesion (71%) and pleomorphic adenoma constituted 70% of all salivary gland diseases and 53% of all neoplasms. Mucocele was the most common lesion in lower lip, in the second and third decades with equal gender distribution. Pleomorphic adenoma occurs more in third and fourth decades and the most common site was hard palate.

Appendecitis is one of the most frequent surgeries. Inflammation of appendix may be due to variable causes such as fecalit, hypertrophy of Peyer’s plaques, seeds of fruits and parasites. In this study we presented an uncommon type of appendicitis which occurred after abdominal blunt trauma. In this article three children present who involved acute appendicitis after blunt abdominal trauma. These patients were 2 boys (5 and 6-year-old) and one girl (8-year-old) who after blunt abdominal trauma admitted to the hospital with abdominal pain and symptoms of acute abdomen and appendectomy had been done for them. Trauma can induce intramural hematoma at appendix process and may cause appendicitis. Therefore, physicians should be aware of appendicitis after blunt abdominal trauma.