Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences
Volume:15 Issue: 3, Mar 2013

The behavior and dietary treatments are not so successful for extremely obese adolescents. Therefore, using drugs to treat extremely obese children and adolescents are among the modern approaches. This research aims to study the pharmaceutical interventions performed for treatment of obese children. The strategy of research was using of key words ‘obesity’, ‘adolescence’, ‘treatment’ and ‘anti-obesity drugs’ were searched in websites of PubMed, Iranian Medical Digital Library, SID, Iran Medex, Magiran. This study reviewed all the available published papers in English and Farsi languages during 2000-2010. The Criteria for exclusion was The papers that had been published on interventions and treatment of eating disorders, type II diabetes or the obesity caused by the secondary syndromes. Twelve papers were found as short-term clinical trials and/or long-term follow-ups. In these studies, the positive effects of ‘sibutramine’ in some studies are shown; although some other side effects are reported as well. A significant weight-loss had been reported on ‘orlistat’ medicine, but digestive complications had been observed as well. None of the studies had followed up patients for more than one year. Apparently, ‘Metformin’ requires further studies. The FDA has only approved ‘sibutramine’ and ‘orlistat’ drugs. But side effects of long-term these drugs have already been unknown. However, it seems that ‘orlistat’ is applied for ≥12-year-old children and ‘sibutramine’ for ≥ 16-year-old children.

Central obesity is one of the major public health problems. Recent studies have indicated that body fat distribution would be important in general health. The present study is a review of several studies which discuss the contributing factors of abdominal obesity, particulary in Iran. This study reviews 34 cross-sectional and interventional studies, which have been comducted during 1995-2012 and issued in English language. PubMed search engine and the related keywords were used to search the papers. Breakfast skipping and also the sleep duration as well as the quality of diet are also associated with central adiposity. Dietary diversity score among Iranians can be related to abdominal adiposity. Fastfood consumption can increase the risk of central adiposity among young Iranian population. Red meat intake and food source of trans fat can increase the risk of central adiposity. Low quality diet with low amount of nutrients can increase the risk of central adiposity. Some behaviours such as sleep duration and eating breakfast can be associated with central adiposity among Iranians. Diet quality and dietary diversity score is also associated with this problem among Iranians.

Strategies for weight reduction often promote lifestyle changes like encouraging participation in physical activity. Also there is some evidence suggesting an association between insomnia and physical activity level and probable beneficial effect of magnesium supplementation on insomnia. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of magnesium supplementation on physical activity level in insomniac elderly subjects. A double blind randomized clinical trial was conducted in 46 overweight or obese subjects, randomly allocated into the magnesium or the placebo group and received 500 mg magnesium or placebo daily for 8 weeks. Questionnaires of insomnia severity index (ISI), physical activity and sleep-log were completed and serum magnesium measured at baseline and after the intervention period. Anthropometric confounding factors, daily intake of magnesium, calcium, potassium, caffeine, calorie form carbohydrates, fat, protein and total calorie intake, were obtained using 24-hrs recall for 3-days. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS-19 software. No significant differences were observed in assessed variables between the two groups at the baseline. According to our research magnesium supplementation significantly increased sleep indices and physical activity level, also resulted in significantly decrease of total calorie intake in magnesium group. Although serum magnesium concentration and weight did not show any differences. In the present study magnesium supplementation resulted in improvement of sleep indices and physical activity level in elderly subjects. Although according to our short term intervention no significant beneficial effect was observed on subject`s weight.

The oxidative stress causes biological damages in addition to the increase of cardiovascular system diseases such as angina pectoris. The present study aims to determine the oxidant and anti-oxidant (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) status in patients with angina pectoris. In this descriptive-analytical study, 24 hospitalized patients with angina pectoris and 63 healthy people, as control group, were selected. Blood fats including cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL were determined through the enzymatic method and the LDL was determined using Friedewald formula. The heparinized blood was used to measure superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and plasma to determine malondialdehyde (MDA) and vitamin C through spectrophotometeric method and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) through ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP). Vitamins A and E of serum were determined through the chromatography method in two groups and SPSS-11.5 software was used for statistical analysis. The degree of error in the tests was calculated as p<0.05. A significant difference was observed in blood fat contents as well as the oxidant and anti-oxidant (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) indices between the two groups (p<0.001). A positive and significant relationship was observed between superoxide dismutase and vitamin C, MDA and LDL. However, this relationship with HDL and TAC was negative and significant (p<0.05). With respect to the significant decrease of anti-oxidants and TAC and the increase of lipid peroxidation as well as the relationship between the different indices, the oxidative stress caused anti-oxidants system suppression in patients.

Aflatoxins are fungal toxins that have carcinogenic, cellular mutations and malformation effects. Aflatoxin M1 resists pasteurization, autoclave and the other methods that make foodstuff healthy. This study aims to determine the contents of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk of milk factories in Kermanshah province. This research is carried out through the descriptive-cross sectional method. Among the raw milk received by four pasteurized milk factories in Kermanshah, coded by (A, B, C, D) labels, six samples, totally 320 samples (80 samples from each factory), were taken within four seasons. The concentration of aflatoxin M1 was examined by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The mean difference was analyzed statistically through t-test using SPSS software. The content of aflatoxin was higher than Codex standard (0.5 µg/l) in 295 samples. The total mean was 1.21, which exceeds two times the Codex standard. The highest and lowest contents of aflatoxin M1 were observed in “Factory D” in spring and in “Factory A” in autumn, respectively. There was a significant difference between contamination of aflatoxin M1 and different seasons (p< 0.05). High content of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk is worrying. Measuring the content of aflatoxin M1 is essential to reduce the toxin entering the daily food of animals and the other related factors. The considerable difference of aflatoxin M1 content between Factory D and Factory A can be attributed to the amount of the local milk and the industrial milk received by the factories.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 9 weeks aerobic exercise and multivitamin supplement on plasma level of HCY, CRP and TNF-α in non-athletic obese women. Total 30 sedentary and healthy obese women aged 25-50 year and BMI ≥30 Kg/m2 volunteered for this study. The subjects were randomly categorized into three experimental groups, aerobic group, aerobic-supplement group, and a nonintervention control group. The experimental groups went through a 9-week (3 days per week) aerobic exercise program. Blood samples were taken of all subjects before and after the aerobic exercise program at overnight fast. The data were analyzed through paired t test, ANOVA, and Dant. The significance level was p<0.05. Aerobic and aerobic-supplement exercise decreased the rate of HCY (p=0.013), CRP (p=0.001) and TNF-α (p=0.006) in obese women significantly, also the reduction of basic rates of CRP and TNF-α in aerobic group (p=0.001) and aerobic-supplement group (p=0.001) were significant compared to control group. But reduction of basic HCY levels was not significant, though. This reduction was significant in aerobic-supplement group (p=0.036). This prospective data indicate that aerobic exercise with definitive intensity and multivitamin supplement decreased cardiovascular risk factors in obese women. Therefore as a modifiable lifestyle factor should be encouraged in obese adults for prevention of cardiovascular events.

Scientific evidence indicates the impact of aerobic exercise and omega-3 fatty acids - both –are for the improvement of the cardiovascular system. The purpose of this research was about studies interaction effect of 8 weeks aerobic exercise and omega- 3 fatty acids supplementation on plasma adiponectin concentration of elderly men. In this study, 36 male non-athletes aged were between 50 to 70 year age range of men aged the city of Genaveh. Statistical sample of 36 male non- athletes in the age range 50 to 70 years old randomly selected in four groups of nine persons, respectively, the first group: exercise supplemental omega-3, Group II: Exercise placebo group: supplementation with omega-3 groups quarter: placebo. Endurance exercise training program includes 24 sessions and 3 sessions per week, with duration and intensity was determined. (55-70% HRmax). Daily supplements of omega-3 fatty acids were 2 Capsule. Blood samples were taken after fasting 14 hours before the study and 48 hours after the last training session was conducted. The data Kolmogrov-Smirnov, t-test, One-Way Anova at significance level of p≤ 0.05 were analyzed in SPSS 17. The results of research after 8 weeks showed that moderate-intensity aerobic exercise and omega-3 fatty acids supplementation, only increased in the exercise + omega-3 fatty acids group (7.8%) that could not created a significant increase in plasma adiponectin concentration groups. Also in final of research did not show a significant difference between groups in compare after 8 weeks. The results showed that by aerobic exercise and use of omega-3 fatty acids and increase amounts of adiponectin and its anti boil property, perhaps maybe that, adiponectin by effect of its preservation has a great role in prevention and reduce of cardiovascular diseases.

The present research aims to validate and discuss the reliability of Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (CFPQ). In this cross-sectional study, 150 mothers with 3-6 year old children in the city of Rasht were selected through cluster random sampling from the public and private kindergartens in 2010. After being confident about the translation validity, the degree of validation (content and structure) and validity (test-retest reliability and internal consistency) of the questionnaire was examined. The degree of validation of questionnaire content, except questions 2, 16 and 46, was at a high level and these three questions were omitted. The method of the consistency of factors and total scores of the questionnaire was used to study the validation of structure, which was satisfactory and varied between 0.30-0.72. The validity of questionnaire was examined through test-retest and Cronbach''s alpha methods. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was between 0.80-0.91 and Cronbach''s alpha was between 0.80-0.90. In general, the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (CFPQ) was proved to be valid and with respect to the results obtained from the present research, it can be used in the research on child diet.

Changes in lifestyle, especially in different aspects of nutrition and physical activity, have been associated with change in the patterns of diseases, from contagious diseases to non-communicable diseases, and with the prevalence of chronic diseases. Accordingly, this study is carried out within the framework of National Plan to Care for Risk Factors of Non-communicable Diseases with the aim of comparing the dietary patterns and physical activity of people under study in Fars province during 2006-2007. Using the WHO Step-by-step Evaluation Model for Risky Factors, the present study determined fifty 20-person clusters, totally 1,000 people within the age group of 15-64 for each year as the research population. After identifying the applicable people, they were visited at their homes and the questionnaires were filled out for them. The necessary analysis was carried out using Version 6 of EPI-info and Version 10 of STATA software. The findings of the present study indicated that men have more intense physical activity than women (p=0.001). The results also indicated a significant increase in consumption of fruit (p=0.01), vegetable (p=0.001), and fish (p=0.001) in 2007 as compared with 2006. The average number of the consumed vegetable units in women was higher than that of men (p=0.01). The findings of this study indicated that the average number of daily consumed units of fruit and vegetable as well as the frequencies of fish consumption per week was lower than the recommended amounts.

Healthy Nutrition has an important role in childhood. Food habits of a child probably will continue to adulthood and increase the risk of many chronic diseases. Role of parents in child nutrition as a food producer and eating pattern has recognized to most important factor of child nutrition. Recent studies have shown that the methods used by parents to child feeding have an important role in the child’s diet and BMI. This paper aimed to investigate which parents use which types of parenting control practices to manage their children’s nutrition. A cross-sectional survey of 208 parents with children aged 3-6 years was carried out in 30 primary schools. Measures included demographic and social factors and aspects of child feeding practices. Results showed that stay at home mothers used more modeling practices. Mothers of sons used more pressure to eat than others. Older mothers used less pressure to eat. Mothers with higher BMI used more emotion regulation strategy and less modeling. And mothers with more education used more modeling. The results showed a significant relationship between demographic and social factors with aspects of the feeding practices.

Malnutrition is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity in children. Not only include acute effects on children''s health, but also it has long-term effects on their cognitive development and economic growth in the society. Wasting (weight for height with Z< -1) is one of the malnutrition indices in children. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a cooked meal for 175 days on the anthropometric indices of weight, height and weight for height (wasting) of 3-6 years old children in all the rural nursery of Qazvin province, in Iran. In this interventional study, 2385 children (48.8% female and 51.2% male) were recruited. Data were collected by a census in 2010. The children were received a cooked meal based on 360±20 kcal energy, 17% protein, 53% carbohydrate and 30% fat per day for 175 days at lunch time. The anthropometric indices were collected before and after the intervention. The results were analyzed using Paired t-test by SPSS-16 software. Prevalence of wasting malnutrition (mild & moderate) and sever after intervention reduced from 14.2 % and 0.95 % to 12.6% and 0.5 %, respectively (p< 0.05). Receiving a cooked meal significantly decreased wasting (15.2% to 13.2%) in all children (p< 0.01). Receiving a cooked meal for 175 days had a significant reduction in wasting in all children.

With respect to the effective dietary factors on heart diseases (HDs), the present research aims to study the dietary risk factors of people with cardiovascular diseases. The demography and anthropometric information as well as the nutritional condition for 80 patients hospitalized in the Cardiovascular Ward of Zahedan Khatam al-Anbia (PBUH) Hospital were determined through dietary recall and indices of lipid profile. As per the findings of this study, for BMI, 26.2% of the patients were overweighed, 10.1% of patients had obesity, and 43.5% of the patients had abdominal obesity for waist to hip ratio. The mean of cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and HDL were 198.2±52.8, 136.8±66.3, 139±35.4, and 40±10.2 mg/dl, respectively. Imbalance in the macronutrient intakes were observed in patients. Given the fact that the indices under study are inappropriate, the patients are those who are subject to cardiovascular diseases in a constant and chronic manner.

Food color additives, which are used to give a good look to foodstuff, are very effective in the consumers’ satisfaction but they can leave toxic effects on body. With respect to their extensive application, the present research aims to examine the condition of the colorings consumed in confectionary products of the city of Qom. 398 items of confectionary products were sampled randomly and their types of colorings were analyzed through the Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) method. Fifty-two percent of the samples were free from coloring, 26.7 percent had illegal artificial coloring, and 21.3 contained approved artificial coloring. It was reported that yellow coloring was most consumed. The scientific introduction and replacement of the natural colorings to the public and emphasis on their advantages play a crucial role in the health of society and can increase enthusiasm of producers and consumers.

Most of the dietary habits are formed during childhood and pursuing a correct and balanced dietary pattern is one of the most important factors in preventing degenerative diseases in adulthood. In this cross-sectional study, 375 boy and girl students, ranging from grade one to grade five of primary school, participated through the stratified random sampling. The dietary information was collected through filling out Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ). Finally, the data were analyzed by using SPSS-16 software. 88.3 percent of the children ate breakfast. The obtained dietary pattern indicated that consumption of food groups, including proteins, milk and dairy, fruit, and vegetables was lower than the recommended allowances. Considering the achieved dietary consumption pattern, compiled and extensive training programs should be designed to promote the knowledge level, insight and behaviors of parents and trainers.