فصلنامه اندیشه نوین دینی
پیاپی 53 (تابستان 1397)

The quality of Divine knowledge of details is one of the most precise issues in Islamic philosophy. The multiplicity and variability of materials have made the problem more complicated to be explained. According to the results of this research, when explaining God`s essential knowledge and God`s action knowledge, Sabzavari has relied on the rule of basit al-haqiqah and the rule of izafi-e ishraqi respectively and believes that materials are essentially known by God and their materiality may not act against their bing intuitively known. While Allameh Tabatabai in the case of God`s essential knowledge, in addition to the principle of basit al-haqiqah, uses itlaqi zati and, in the case of knowledge of action, disagree with Sabzevari and believes that materials may not be essential cases of knowledge; he views incorporeality as the standard of becoming known. Therefore, regardless of difference in the method of reasoning in explaining God`s essential knowledge and in the how of percepting materials in action knowledge, the paper has studied the two philosophers` views comparatively.

Seyyed Mortaza has based the Prophets` infallibility on their miracles. The question is, how is it possible to prove the infallibility of Prophets by their miracles, and how the way of reasoning may be measured? As he viewed, miracles directly and without mediation is a confirmation of the revelation and an a proof for the prophetic infallibility in receiving and communicating revelation, and the purpose of the confirmation of revelation lies in the obedience of the Prophet's command; consequently, every case of sin and all those qualities and deeds opposing the purpose would be indirectly denied by miracles. The reason by miracle is unique because of its range covering various dimensions of infallibility. And the objections raised against this reason may not be agreed with. This paper, using an analytical and descriptive method, tries to explain this reason and determine its notability and answer the objections in the field.

One of Jaberi's critique of religious legacy is his critique of Shiite thoughts. In spite of his claim of not entering theological critique and use an epistemological method, Jaberi himself has actually entered theological criticisms and viewed Shiism to be of no genuine intellectual roots in the teachings of Islam, an entrance which is based on a political stream.In this paper, with a descriptive-analytical method, some aspects of Jaberi's views on Shiite thought has been analyzed and it has been made clear that his claim of Shite culture and teachings as independent reason is not based on an epistemological reading of Shiism. Since Shiite teachings and beliefs originate from rationality. And again, Jaberi`s historical data supporting his claim of non originality of Shiite thought may not be taken as reasonable and Shiite thought is not the same as Batiniyyah and Isma`iliyyah.

Unity of Divine Attributes explains how the true positive attributes relate to Divine Essence. In the field, three views are found: otherness of attributes to essence (Ash`arite view), essence as substitute of attributes (Mu`tazilite view) and unity of essence and attributes. Amir al-Mu`minin (a) in the first sermon of Nahj al-Balaghah says: the perfection of His purity is to deny Him attributes. Commentators have commented the saying differently; in the paper, the most important coments of the saying are studied descriptively-analytically. As understood, additionality of concepts and unity of extention in the case of unity of attributes are agreed with. Action attributes, negative attributes and relative positive attributes are not intended as being the same as Essence. The unity, therefore, is limited to true attributes. The expression: to deny Attributes refers to the third view.  

Generally saying, the subject of the study may be referred to as: surveying goal-based definitions, reconsidering goals and discovering goals. Regarding two periods of the past and the late theologians,  Lahiji has described the purposes of each period and five purposes of theology and its final purpose in isolation. Though numerous theological compiles left by Lahiji are not in agreement in the field, one may perceive two defensive and epistemological nature of theology on the basis of all his works. Lahiji has viewed the late theology as being of two natures. The purposes mentioned in Shavariq al-Ilham, though being relativistic and noticing different aspects of theology`s effectualness, is exposed to such failures as lack of comprehension, lack of reason supporting some goals in the case of some groups, counting secondary goals as the first and using ambiguous words in the field.

Sheikhiyah is a Shiite sect that appeared during the last two century. Their most basic difference with the Shiite lies in corporeal resurrection, the Prophet mi`raj, the how of absent Imam`s appearance and their views on pure Imam`s position. The sect, particularly that of Kerman, views the household of the Prophet as being Divine Will, the creator and four causes of creation. In this paper, with a library-based study, their most important reasons have been studied. as viewed by the paper, their reliance on Quranic verses and traditions fails to prove their claim of Imas` being agent and creator of the world and disagree with other Quranic verses. In the same way, their reasons for Imams` being material, end and formal cause of creation are also is not so vast to include all cases. This analysis has been performed with reliance on the verses of the holy Quran, theological well-known teachings and philosophical reasonings, particularly Mulla Sadra`s views.

The purpose of this paper is not to prove the levels of monotheism (essence, attributes, and actions), but rather the role of the two principles based on its philosophical principles, namely, the fundamentality of existence and the fundamentality of quiddity in proving the levels of monotheism. In this paper, an attempt has been made to survey the difference of the two views of  fundamentality of existence and fundamentalty of quiddity with an analytical and reasonable method. The hypothesis is that the levels of monotheism may not be explained through the rule of sirf al-shay`. While, on the basis of the rule of basit al-haqiqah, carrying the meaning of God`s fundamentality of existence and existential absoluteness, one may, opposing the pluralistic view of those beliving in fundamentality of quiddity and essential difference of beings, prove His Simplicity and the True Unique Existence. And it is also proved that not only the quality and perfections of creatures but all their acts and effects also originate from It and form Its stages and manifestation.

The advent of takfiri groups in Islamic countries has led to the spread of their extreme and irrational thoughts. One of the most important beliefs of this group is denial of requsites of purgatory life such as intercession, recourse and appeal to divine special servants, while this life as an important princple has been taught by the holy Quran and traditions and, therefore, the requisites of the purgatory life would, also, be proved. In spite of the fact, Vahhabism, contrary to the views of the great Sunni scholars oppose the techings and view them as being cases of polytheism and disbelief. This research, with an analytical and documentary study of Sunni sources, seeks to elucidate the views of the great Sunni scholars in the field. According to the study, the Wahhabi claim that denial of the requisite of purgatory life is clearly contrary to Quranic verses, authentic narratives, and the opinions of Sunni outstanding scholars.

The unique role of revelation in guiding human beings has caused its concern of being understood as one of the most important concerns for those studying revealed religions. The nature of revelation and its levels are of such a close link with other particularities of the prophecy that, deepening the knowledge, one may deduce the other qualities and applicabilities of it. Since revelation emerges in the form of intuitive knowledge in the soul of the Prophet, analyzing ontological characteristics of this knowledge such as is being existential, gradational, interconnection, one may perceive the nature of revelation better. Studying the three aspects of revelation including universal teachings, particular teachings of revelation and the prophet`s capability in miracle in isolation, Sadr al-Mutuallihin may be regarded as unique in analyzing ontological qualities of intuitive knowledge. The present study deals with this ontological view with a descriptive and analytical approach.