فهرست مطالب

Iranian Journal of Psychiatry
Volume:9 Issue: 3, Summer 2014

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1393/06/31
  • تعداد عناوین: 13
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  • Mohammad Reza Mohammadi, Hadi Zarafshan, Ali Khaleghi Pages 118-124
    Objective
    The aim of the present study was to estimate the pooled prevalence of different types of child abuse in Iran.
    Method
    We systematically searched four English databases (PubMed, Sciencedirect, PsychINFO and Scopus), and three Farsi databases (Magiran, IranMedex and SID) to find out relevant articles that have reported the prevalence of child abuse in Iran. Studies conducted on special samples, special setting or on adult population for history of child abuse were excluded from our study. The total number of obtained articles from English databases was 83. After removing the duplicated articles, 77 manuscripts remained. Next, we screened the articles based on their title and abstract and only 13 articles remained. After screening based on the full text only 5 studies were left. Since Farsi databases did not give us the option to get all the search results together, we read the search results based on their titles and selected the relevant articles. Twenty-four studies were selected based on their title. After screening based on the full text, 8 studies remained. The total number of the studies from both English and Farsi databases that we entered in our review was 13.
    Result
    The prevalence of physical abuse, emotional abuse and neglect in both genders differed from 9.7% to 67.5 %, 17.9% to 91.1% and 23.6% to 80.18%, respectively. The pooled estimation of prevalence of child physical abuse in both genders was 43.591% (CI 216.146, 303.328%), and the pooled estimation of prevalence of child emotional abuse was 64.533% (CI 195.205, 324.270). In regards to child neglect, the pooled estimate of prevalence was 40.945% (CI 274.989, 356.879). The heterogeneity of the studies was not statically significant (I2 = 0.0%).
    Conclusion
    Child abuse has several negative effects on the health of children and adults. It seems that child abuse in Iran is in a critical condition, so the policy makers should act upon solving this problem and design special programs and develop effective policies to prevent child abuse in Iran.Our study revealed a high prevalence of child abuse in Iran. As mentioned previously
  • Masoumeh Amin-Esmaeili, Abbas Motevalian, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, Ahmad Hajebi, Mitra Hefazi, Reza Radgoodarzi, Vandad Sharifi Pages 125-132
    Objective
    The Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) assesses disability in four domains of home management, work responsibilities, close relationships and social life. The main objective of this study was to develop the Persian version of the SDS.
    Method
    Two steps of field work followed the Persian translation and cultural adaptation of the tool: First, the internal consistency and convergent validity was examined in 104 clinical cases recruited from inpatient and outpatient psychiatric services, using 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). Then 88 individuals were randomly selected from the adult general population to assess internal consistency, inter-rater reliability and known group validity.
    Results
    In the clinical settings, Cronbach’s α coefficient was 0.88 and item-total correlation ranged from 0.71 to 0.78 in various domains. The correlation between SDS and SF-36 (P<0.001) was significant in all the areas of the performance; and neither of the correlations was statistically significant when SDS and GAF were compared. In the general population study, the SDS met a good internal consistency (α = 0.81) and known group validity, and the inter-rater reliability was perfect for “school/work responsibility”.
    Conclusion
    The Persian translation of the SDS is a simple and short scale, and it seems to be a valid scale for the measurement of disability in clinical settings and in the Iranian general population.
  • Mohammad Hosein Ebrahimzadeh, Bibi Soheyla Shojaee, Farideh Golhasani-Keshtan, Fatemeh Moharari, Amir Reza Kachooei, Asieh Sadat Fattahi Pages 133-136
    Objective
    We were curious about the degree of anxiety and depression and their effect on the quality of life of the caregivers of veterans with spinal cord injury (SCI).
    Methods
    A convenience sample of 72 out of 120 caregiver spouses of veterans with spinal cord injury participated in our study. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were considered as a measure of depression and anxiety. The World Health Organization Quality of Life BREF questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) was considered to evaluate the quality of life. To compare the caregivers, we enrolled 74 matched caregiver spouses of patients without spinal cord injury.
    Results
    The average age of the spouses was 44.7±6.5. The average time elapsed from the injury was 26.4±3.1 years. There was a significant difference in all domains of quality of life and depression between the caregivers and the control group, but there was not a significant difference in terms of anxiety. There was a negative correlation between depression and age, level of education and quality of life.
    Conclusion
    Mental care support should be implemented for veterans and their spouses in addition to the provided facilities.
  • Sina Hafizi, Dina Tabatabaei, Harold G. Koenig Pages 137-141
    Background
    There are still many unanswered questions about psychological and social factors that may affect the development and treatment of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Religion/spirituality (R/S) is a factor that could influence the lives of people with BPD.
    Objective
    The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between religiosity, religious attendance and borderline personality traits.
    Method
    Four hundred twenty- nine medical students of Tehran University of medical sciences participated in this study, and their information on demographics, responses to the Duke University Religion Index (DUREL), and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders (the self-administered section on BPD) was obtained.
    Results
    The total score of SCID-II questionnaire and the number of positive borderline personality characteristics on the SCID-II were inversely related with the DUREL total score and individual DUREL items. Those with higher levels of borderline personality traits had lower total DUREL score and lower DUREL subscale scores.
    Conclusion
    Religiosity and religious attendance are negatively correlated with borderline personality traits, especially with anger, instability of mood, feeling of emptiness and self-harming behaviors. These findings are important for understanding the causes of BPD and in developing treatments for this disorder.
  • Shahrokh Amiri, Ayyoub Malek, Farid Tofighnia, Bohlool Habibi Asl, Ali Seidy Pages 142-164
    Objective
    Withdrawal symptoms are a main reason of continuous use of opioid. This study compares the efficacy of augmentation of amantadine with clonidine in decreasing opioid withdrawal symptoms.
    Methods
    This double-blind randomized clinical trial was carried out in the detoxification and rehabilitation inpatient ward at Razi Hospital, Tabriz, Iran during 2012. The patients were randomly assigned to receive clonidine or clonidine plus amantadine; and withdrawal symptoms were evaluated in the admission day and 24, 48, and 72 hours later. Data were analyzed using SPSS by the 2* 2 repeated analyses of variances (ANOVA).
    Results
    From the total of 69 participants, 30 patients completed the trial in each group. The severity of symptoms, however, had an increasing trend in both groups. Analysis of variance of the symptom severity score (by The Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale) revealed a significant group-time interaction, and the patients who were receiving amantadine experienced milder symptoms.
    Conclusions
    Treatment of opioid withdrawal symptoms with amantadine and clonidine would result in a better outcome compared with clonidine alone.
  • Mohammad Reza Mohammadi, Morteza Shamohammadi, Maryam Salmanian Pages 147-151
    Objective
    This study aimed to assess the prevalence of borderline personality symptoms in 16-18 year old adolescents.
    Methods
    In this cross sectional – descriptive study, 422 high school students (211 boys, 211 girls) aged 16-18 were selected by cluster random sampling and simple random sampling in 2011-2012. The participants were assessed using the revised diagnostic interview for borderline questionnaire (DIB-R) and demographic questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and Spearman correlation coefficient.
    Results
    Of the participants, 0/9% (0/22 % of the 16 year olds, 0.45 % of the 17 year olds and 0/22% of the 18 year olds) were diagnosed with borderline personality symptoms. Also, the prevalence of borderline personality symptoms in boys was 0/45 % of the total sample and it was 0/45 % of the total sample in girls. With respect to the relationship between demographic variables (age, sex, location, parents’ occupation, parents’ kinship, parents’ education and birth order) and borderline personality symptoms, only parents’ kinship showed a weak correlation with borderline personality symptoms.
    Conclusion
    In the view of the prevalence of 0.9% of the borderline personality symptoms in adolescents, attention should be paid to the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder. Furthermore, works need to be done to improve the mental health and quality of life of adolescents. in Tehran
  • Zahra Ezzatpanah, Seyed Vahid Shariat, Mehdi Tehrani, Doost Pages 152-157
    Objective
    The purpose of this research was to study the cognitive functions in patients with methamphetamine-induced psychosis (MIP) in comparison with schizophrenia patients and normal subjects.
    Method
    This was a cross-sectional study, 30 patients with MIP, 30 patients with schizophrenia and 30 normal individuals were selected via convenient sampling and were matched on age, sex and education. Wisconsin Cards Sorting, Stroop, Visual Search and Attention and Wechsler Memory Tests were used to assess the subjects.
    Results
    The study showed that patients with MIP and schizophrenia have more deficits in executive functions, selective attention, sustained attention and memory than normal subjects. There were no significant differences in cognitive functions between patients with MIP and schizophrenia except for visual search and attention that showed more impairment in patients with schizophrenia.
    Conclusion
    Although, cognitive dysfunctions of patients with MIP are mostly similar to patients with schizophrenia, some differences seem to exist, especially in those functions that are not primarily dependent on frontal lobe.
  • Shahin Akhondzadeh, Moslem Shabrang, Omid Rezaei, Farzin Rezaei Pages 158-162
    Objective
    Therapeutic interventions can be classified into two distinct approaches: abstinent and maintenance method. Currently, there are no clear criteria for referring addicted patients to one of these modalities. We aimed to compare the personality characteristics of individuals with addiction who attended narcotics anonymous sessions with those who received methadone maintenance therapy.
    Methods
    This was a cross- sectional study. The participants were NA members and patients who were undergoing methadone maintenance treatment in outpatient clinics. Using the randomized cluster sampling method, 200 individuals with opioid dependence were selected (each group 100 persons). Data were collected through a demographic questionnaire and the five-factor personality inventory (NEO-FFI). Comparison of the mean scores of NEO-PPI in the two groups was performed by independent t test, and qualitative variables were compared using the Chi-square test.
    Results
    We found a significant difference between the MMT and NA groups with respect to neuroticism, extroversion, and agreeableness. No significant difference was found in the subscales of conscientious and openness.
    Conclusion
    People who regularly attended the NA sessions had lower neuroticism and higher agreeableness than patients who were under the maintenance modality. Whether this is the cause or effect of attending NA sessions requires future large-scale cohort studies.
  • Sodeh Tavakkoli, Majid Saffarinia, Mohammad Mahdy Asaadi, Abbas Norouzi Javidan, Marzieh Hajiaghababaei Pages 163-168
    Objective
    This study aimed to develop and validate a questionnaire to measure waiting anxiety.
    Methods
    This was a cross-sectional study. Extensive review of literature and expert opinions were used to develop and validate the waiting anxiety questionnaire. A sample of 321 participants was recruited through random cluster sampling (n= 190 Iranian men and n= 131 women). The participants filled out WAQ, the Speilberger‘s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Burtner Rating scale (BRS) and Eysenk Personality questionnaire (EPQ) for adults.
    Results
    Internal consistency of WAQ was revealed, meaning that all the 20 items were highly correlated with the total score. The Cronbach alpha equaled 0.83 for the Waiting Anxiety Questionnaire.The Pearson correlation coefficient of the questionnaire with the STAI, BRS and extraversion and neuroticism subscales of EPQ was 0.65, 0.78, - 0.47 and 0.43, respectively, which confirmed its convergent and divergent validity. Factors analysis extracting four cognitive, behavioral, sentimental and physiological factors could explain 67% of the total variance with an Eigen value of greater than 1.
    Conclusion
    Our findings suggest that WAQ possesses appropriate validity and reliability to measure the individuals’ anxiety during the waiting time.
  • Davood Moshkani Farahani, Abbas Tavallaie, Ensieh Vahedi, Peyman Rezaiemaram, Zohreh Naderi, Akram Talaie Pages 169-174
    Objective
    Sleep complaints are common among Iranian chemically-injured veterans. The growing body of research has investigated (in) equalities between such subjective complaints and objective sleep records. Moreover, sleep complaints are associated with depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms, also, have been frequently reported in chemically-injured veterans. Therefore, the purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the relationship between perceived sleep quality, polysomnographic measures and depressive symptoms in Iranian veterans with chemical injuries.
    Methods
    In this pilot study, 35 Iranian veterans with chemical injuries complaining of a sleep problem were selected. Initially, participants were evaluated via all-night polysomnography, then, they completed the research questionnaires. Collected data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients.
    Results
    Data analyses showed that there was no significant correlation between many of self-reposted variables and polysomnogaphic recordings, however, remarkable relationships were found between the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Beck Depression Inventory scores.
    Conclusion
    The findings indicated that sleep complaints of chemically-injured veterans are not equivalent to objective sleep disturbances, however, these complaints are largely associated with level of depression. This study emphasizes the important role of mood in sleep evaluation. Further, the findings suggest using a combination of both subjective and objective measures for accurate assessment of sleep quality in Iranian veterans with chemical injuries (i.e., multimethod approach).
  • Morteza Naserbakht, Alireza Noroozi, Ahmad Hajebi Pages 175-180
    Objectives
    Our objective was to assess the effects of adding a brief skill-based psychoeducation (PE) to routine needle-exchange programs to reduce injection and high risk sexual behaviors associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection among referrals of Drop-in Centers (DICs).
    Method
    This was a randomized control trial with the primary hypothesis that adding skill-based PE to the routine needle syringe program (NSP) provided in the DICs would be more effective in reducing injection and high risk sexual behaviors associated with HIV infection compared to the routine programs. After obtaining informed written consent, we randomly allocated 60 patients per group. The intervention group received a combination of brief psychoeducation consisting two individual sessions of skill-based education concerning blood borne viral infection, specifically HIV. The control group received the routine primary NSP services provided in DIC. Study assessments were undertaken by a psychologist at baseline, 1 and 3 months after recruitment. The primary outcome measure was the comparison of the trend of alterations in high risk sexual and injection behaviors associated with HIV infection during 3 months after the initiation of the intervention between the two groups. Secondary outcome measures included the comparison of HIV/AIDS related knowledge and client satisfaction in the participants.
    Discussion
    This paper presents a protocol for a RCT of brief skill-based PE by a trained psychologist to reduce the sexual and injection related high risk behaviors among drug users who received primary NSP services in DIC. This trial tried to show the efficacy of the intervention on increasing HIV/AIDS related knowledge and client satisfaction. The results of different indicators of high risk behaviors will be discussed.
  • Sahar Ansari, Mohammad Arbabi Pages 181-183
    The implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) has currently become the standard treatment for preventing sudden cardiac death. There are some psychological consequences in patients with ICD such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after the shocks induced by ICD. This report aimed to present the case of a 54-year-old man with ICD who had developed PTSD; his PTSD was treated, using cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy consisting of relaxation, mindfulness and problem solving techniques. In patients with ICD who are experiencing PTSD using cognitive behavioral interventions may be helpful to reduce their psychological sufferings.
  • Babak Roshanaei, Moghaddam, Michael C. Pauly Pages 184-187
    Objevtive: This comment article reviews the literature to explore whether the use of ECT for the treatment of methamphetamine dependence can be justified by scientific rationale and/or evidence.
    Method
    This article reviews the literature on the use of ECT in addictive disorders. It describes a patient with methamphetamine dependence treated with ECT. It then offers a historical review of the moral and ethical difficulties encountered in the treatment of addictive disorders. It proposes a dynamic understanding as to why clinicians might deploy such brutal actions in the face of hopeless and emotionally intense encounters.
    Results
    We found no scientific evidence or justification for ECT as a treatment of methamphetamine dependence or as the first line treatment for methamphetamine-induced psychiatric comorbidities
    Conclusion
    the current available evidence does not support using ECT for the treatment of addictive disorders, and hence is unethical, unacceptable and inhumane and warrants immediate social and political attention.