Iranian Journal of Psychiatry
Volume:11 Issue: 2, Spring 2016

The aim of this study was to provide norms of Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and Clinical Impairment Assessment (CIA) for undergraduate women in Iran.
ýUndergraduate women (N = 516) completed the EDE-Q, CIA, and the Binge Eating Scale (BES).
Average score, standard deviation, and percentile rank of EDE-Q and its subscale as well ýas CIA were reported. In addition, the frequency of key eating disordered behaviors was ýpresented. Both EDE-Q and CIA demonstrated strong internal consistency. In addition to the ýsignificant correlation between the EDE-Q and CIA (0.59), they both showed a moderate to ýstrong correlation with the BES (r = 0.33 to 0.61). The EDE-Q and CIA successfully ýdifferentiated underweight, normal weight, and overweight women. Moreover, women who ýreported higher level of restraint or regular binge eating episodes obtained higher score on the ýCIA than women who did not have such behaviors across the same period.
This study provided ýpreliminary support for the reliability and validity of the Persian version of the EDE-Q and CIA. ýThe obtained norms for the EDE-Q and the CIA are helpful in clinical practice and intercultural ýstudies of eating disorders.ý

Recent studies have emphasized the important role of cognitive beliefs in etiology and ýmaintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD has different subtypes, but the ýspecific role of cognitive beliefs in OCD symptomatology is not clear. The aim of the current ýstudy was to determine whether the cognitive factors proposed by Obsessive Compulsive ýCognitions Working Group (OCCWG) could specifically predict subtypes of OCD.ý
The question was investigated in a sample of 208 university students (mean age = 21, SD = 1.6). ýThe target population was selected by cluster sampling. All participants completed two ýquestionnaires including Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ-44) and Obsessive Compulsive ýInventory-Revised (OCI-R). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression ýanalysis.ý
Regression analysis demonstrated that “responsibility/ threat over estimation” was a significant ýpredictor of obsessive and compulsive behaviors and predicted washing, checking, obsessing, ýhoarding, and neutralizing subtypes of OCD. Furthermore, “perfectionism and intolerance of ýuncertainty” was the most significant predictor of ordering and hoarding while ýý“importance/ control of thought” predicted ordering only.ý
This study found evidence in support of Salkovskis’ cognitive theory about the central role of ýinflated responsibility beliefs in developing different subtypes of OCD. Besides, the results ýrevealed those other cognitive beliefs had less important role in the development of OCD ýsymptoms. ý

The purpose of this study was to examine the prediction of depression on a group of ýIranian older adults based on components of health locus of control.ý
Sixty-six men and 42 women over the age of 55 were recruited from the retirement ýclubs in Shiraz, using convenience sampling. The participants completed the research ýquestionnaires including the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and the ýMultidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLC).ý
The findings on health locus of control revealed that the highest score was on internal ýlocus of control followed by God, powerful others and chance. The mean score on ýdepression was on a normal range. Multiple regression analysis showed that two ýindependent variables including internal control (ß = -.32, p This study provides more support for the application of theory of health locus of ýcontrol on depression.ýý

The aim of the present study was to investigate the epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in ýchildren and adolescents in five provinces of Iran: Tehran, Shiraz, Isfahan, Tabriz and Mashhad.ý
In the present study, we selected 9,636 children and adolescents aged 6-18 years through ýmultistage cluster random sampling method from Tehran, Shiraz, Isfahan, Tabriz and Mashhad. ýWe instructed the clinical psychologists to complete the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire ýý(SDQ) for the participants, and those who received a high score on SDQ, completed the Persian ýversion of Kiddie-SADS-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). We used descriptive ýanalysis and 95% confidence interval to investigate the relationship between scores of the K-ýSADS questionnaire and demographic factorsþ. þWe used one-way ANOVA to test the significant ýdifferences among the disorders according to sex, age and province of residence.ýý
Based on the results, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) (4.45%) had the highest prevalence of psychiatric ýdisorders in the five provinces and substance abuse and alcohol abuse (0%) had the lowest ýprevalence. In addition, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) had the most ýprevalence in boys (5.03%) and ODD had the most prevalence in ýgirls (4.05%). Among the three age groups, 6 to 9 year olds had the highest rates of ADHD ýý(5.69%); 10 to 14 and 15 to 18 year olds had the highest rates of ODD (4.32% and 4.37% ýrespectively). Among the five provinces, Tehran and Mashhad allocated the highest rates of ODD; Isfahan and Shiraz had the highest rates of ADHD; and Tabriz had the highest rates of social phobia.ý
The current study revealed that the overall frequency of psychiatric disorders based on Kiddie-ýSADS-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) was higher than a similar study. Moreover, in ýthis study, among the five provinces, Tehran and Mashhad allocated the highest rates of ODD; Isfahan and Shiraz had the highest rates of ADHD; and Tabriz had the highest rates of social phobia. Therefore, these percentage ýof psychiatric disorders in Iran lead us toward a greater use of consultation and mental health ýservicesþ.þ

The aim of this study was to compare creativity in children with and without attention deficit hyperactivity ýdisorder. ý
This was an analytic and descriptive study. Participants were 33 children aged 7-12 years selected from a ýchild and adolescent psychiatric clinic at Imam Hossein hospital (Tehran, Iran), who were diagnosed with ýADHD by a child and adolescent psychiatrist. They met the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for ADHD and had ýno comorbidity according to K-SADS (Kiddi-Scadule for Affective disorders and Schizophrenia). They ýwere requested not to take any medication. They took the Figural TTCT (Torrance Test of Creativity ýThinking) and Raven Intelligence test after using medication. Thirty-three age and sex-matched children ýselected from the regional schools were recruited for the control group. They did not have any ýpsychiatric disorders according to K-SADS. The Figural TTCT and Raven Intelligence test were conducted ýfor the controls as well. ý
No statistically significant difference was found in the intelligence score and the mean±SD of the total ýscore of creativity between children with ADHD (125.2 ± 42.6) and the control group (130.6 ± 47.5) (P ývalue = 0.49). Children with ADHD had worse function in fluency and flexibility items and were not ýdifferent in originality and elaboration items.ý
The creativity of children with ADHD is not different from that of the control group.ý

Serotonin reuptake inhibitors are frequently used in first-line treatments for patients ýwith obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nevertheless, many of these patients do not ýrespond well to initial therapy. The hypothesis of glutamatergic dysfunction in specific ýbrain regions has been proposed in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive ýdisorder. This study was designed to evaluate the possible efficacy of lamotrigine, a ýglutamatergic agent in Serotonin reuptake inhibitors-resistant patients with obsessive-ýcompulsive disorder.ý
This study was a 12-week, double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of ýadjunctive fixed-doses of lamotrigine (100 mg) to Serotonin reuptake inhibitors therapy ýin obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eligible subjects who had a total Y-BOCS of 21 or ýabove were randomly assigned to receive adjunctive treatment with either lamotrigine ýý(n = 26), or placebo (n = 27). Response to lamotrigine was defined as clinical ýimprovement (>25% decrease in the total Y-BOCS score), which was administered at ýweeks 0, 8 and 12.ý
At the endpoint (week 12), significant differences were observed in obsession, ýcompulsion, and total Y-BOCS scores comparing lamotrigine to placebo (P = 0.01, ýý0.005 and 0.007 respectively). The mean reduction in obsession, compulsion and total ýscores in lamotrigine group was about 4.15, 4.50 and 8.73, respectively. Similarly, the ýmean reductions in the placebo group were 2.52, 2.56 and 5.07. Effect sizes for efficacy ýmeasures were calculated by Cohen’s d, and it was calculated as 0.54 for the total ýYBOCS.ý
Our findings provide evidence that this augmentation is well tolerated and may be an ýeffective strategy for patients with refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder.ýý

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) classified mobile phone addiction disorder under ýý"impulse control disorder not elsewhere classified". This study surveyed the ýdiagnostic criteria of DSM-IV-TR for the diagnosis of mobile phone ýaddiction in correspondence with Iranian society and culture.ý
Two hundred fifty students of Tehran universities were entered into this ýdescriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study. Quota sampling method ýwas used. At first, semi- structured clinical interview (based on DSM-IV-ýTR) was performed for all the cases, and another specialist re-evaluated the ýinterviews. Data were analyzed using content validity, inter-scorer reliability (Kappa coefficient) and test-retest via SPSS18 software.
The content validity of the semi- structured clinical interview matched the ýDSM –IV-TR criteria for behavioral addiction. Moreover, their content was ýappropriate, and two items, including "SMS pathological use" and "High ýmonthly cost of using the mobile phone” were added to promote its validity. ýInternal reliability (Kappa) and test –retest reliability were 0.55 and r = 0.4 ýý(p The results of this study revealed that semi- structured diagnostic criteria of ýDSM-IV-TR are valid and reliable for diagnosing mobile phone addiction, ýand this instrument is an effective tool to diagnose this disorder.ý

The determinants of satisfaction of life (SWL) are poorly described among Iranian employed ýnurses. This study aimed to assess the effect of various factors including age, gender, marital ýstatus, depression, anxiety and stress on SWL among Iranian nurses.ý
Employed nurses in three teaching hospitals were invited to participate in this study. Ninety-four ýnurses (65 women and 29 men) participated in this study. Depression, anxiety, stress scale ýý (DASS-21) was used to measure the related variables. Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) was ýused to assess SWL. Multivariate analysis was utilized to examine the relationship between ýmultiple variables. ý
A noticeable proportion of Iranian employed nurses were either dissatisfied or extremely ýdissatisfied with life (45%). Severe depression was related to lower scores of SWLS (P: 0.001, r ýý= -0.32). The similar outcomes were detected between anxiety and stress scales, and SWLS (P: ýý0.023, r = -0.23 and P: 0.008, r = -0.27 for anxiety and stress, respectively). Although females ýwere more vulnerable to depression (P: 0.010) and stress (P: 0.013), the overall effect of gender ýon SWL was insignificant (0.41). Satisfactions with financial power and work environment were ýassociated with higher scores of SWLS (P: 0.030 and 0.042, respectively). Marital status was not ýrelated to severity of depression, anxiety, stress and SWLS (P: 0.39, 0.38, 0.80, and 0.61, ýrespectively). ý
This study revealed that poor satisfaction with financial status and work environment, ýdepression, anxiety and stress are the major determinants of satisfaction with life among Iranian ýemployed nurses.ý

The aim of this study was to better understand the triggers of suicide, particularly among the ýancient Greek and Persian soldiers and commanders.ý
ý‘Herodotus: The Histories’ is a history of the rulers and soldiery who participated in the ýGreco-Persian wars (492-449 BCE). A new translation (2013) of this manuscript was studied. ýAccounts of suicide were collected and collated, with descriptions of circumstances, ýmethods, and probable triggers.ý
Nine accounts of suicide were identified. Eight of these were named individuals (4 Greeks ýand 4 Persians); of whom, seven were male. Only one (not the female) appeared to act in ýresponse to a mental disorder. Other triggers of suicide included guilt, avoidance of ýdishonour/ punishment and altruism. Cutting/ stabbing was the most common method; others ýincluded hanging, jumping, poison, and burning (the single female).ý
While soldiers at a time of war do not reflect the general community, they are nevertheless ýmembers of their society. Thus, this evidence demonstrates that suicide triggered by ýburdensome circumstances (in addition to mental disorder) was known to the Greek and ýPersian people more than two millennia ago.ý