فهرست مطالب

Psychiatry - Volume:12 Issue: 4, Autumn 2017

Iranian Journal of Psychiatry
Volume:12 Issue: 4, Autumn 2017

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1396/08/13
  • تعداد عناوین: 9
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  • Afshin Ostovar, Mohammad Javad Haerinejad, Samad Akbarzadeh, Mojtaba Keshavarz Pages 220-225
    Objective
    The present study aimed at comparing the prevalence of major psychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and generalized anxiety disorder between performance-enhancing drug users and nonuser bodybuilders. Moreover, the prevalence of major psychiatric disorders in bodybuilders was also reported.
    Method
    In this study, 453 athletes were recruited from Bushehr bodybuilding gyms from February to May 2015. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the participants’ information, including demographic characteristics, sports’ status and performance-enhancing drug use. According to the condition of performance-enhancing drug use, the participants were divided into current users, non-current users, and nonusers. The psychiatric status of the participants was evaluated using DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and schizophrenia. We also asked about the acute psychotic disturbances after using performance-enhancing drugs, alcohol use, and history of aggressive behavior in bodybuilders. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and chi-square tests.
    Results
    Prevalence of major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, generalized anxiety disorder, and the overall prevalence of psychiatric disorders in the bodybuilders was 19.7%, 3.8%, 1.5%, 16.6%, and 26.7%, respectively. After using performance-enhancing drugs, 33% of the bodybuilders had experienced acute psychological disturbances. There were no significant differences between current, non-current, and nonuser bodybuilding athletes in the measured psychiatric disorders.
    Conclusion
    Prevalence of psychiatric disorders was not significantly different in performance-enhancing drug users and nonusers. Thus, it can be concluded that performance-enhancing drugs do not increase the risk of psychiatric disorders in bodybuilders.
    Keywords: Bodybuilding athletes, Mental disorders, Performance-Enhancing Drugs
  • Sara Jafari, Sana Khajehpour, Emran Mohammad Razzaghi, Kazem Heidari, Mehdi Soleimani, Padideh Ghaeli Pages 226-232
    Objective
    Craving for substance abuse is a usual and complicated problem in patients, with opioid addiction, who are in their opioid cessation process. Craving has been added as one of the diagnostic criteria of substance use disorders in DSM-5.
    AIM: The present trial was intended to compare effects of celecoxib versus ibuprofen in reducing pain and in decreasing the desire to use opiates in patients undergoing opiate detoxification. (n=32).
    PATIENTS AND
    Method
    A total of 32 patients (both inpatients and outpatients), who were undergoing opiate detoxification procedure entered this 4 week study. Subjects who suffered pain due to opiate withdrawal were randomized into two groups; group one received celecoxib 200 milligrams once daily and group two received ibuprofen 400 milligrams four times per day. Self-reported Desire for Drug Questionnaire (DDQ) was utilized at baseline and at the end of the study to evaluate changes in opiate craving.
    Results
    After 4 weeks of treatment, with either ibuprofen or celecoxib, significant improvements in pain and craving were noted in each group. However no significant difference between the two groups was observed after 4 weeks of treatment with celecoxib and ibuprofen.
    Conclusion
    The study noted that both celecoxib and ibuprofen, reduce craving in patients with opiate craving after 4 weeks of treatment without any significant difference between the two groups. The results suggest further study of celecoxib and other NSAIDs in the maintenance treatment of opiate craving.
    Keywords: Celecoxib, Desire for Drug Questionnaire, Ibuprofen, Opioid craving, Pain
  • Hooshang Dadgar, Javad Alaghband Rad, Zahra Soleymani, Anahita Khorammi, Saman Maroufizadeh Pages 233-237
    Background
    The aim of this study was investigation the association of motor skills and imitation ability with early social communication skills in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
    Method
    Twenty children with ASD aged 3-5 years (M=4.05, SD=0.55) were tested with Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2), the Motor Imitation Scale (MIS) and, the Early Social Communication Scales (ESCS).
    Results
    There was significant and strong correlation between TGMD total score and imitation total score(r =.776; p 0.05). A significant correlation was found between MIS and TGMD total scores with ESCS subscales except social interaction and responding to behavioral requests subscales.
    Conclusion
    The results support previous studies that indicated both imitation ability and motor function have association with some early social communication skills. However, these results showed the needs for clinicians to target imitation and motor skills in early intervention programs in ASD.
    Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Imitation, Motor Skills, Social Communication
  • Arezoo Haghighian Roudsari, Abouali Vedadhir, Parisa Amiri, Naser Kalantari, Nasrin Omidvar, Hassan Eini-Zinab, Hani Sadati Pages 238-247
    Background
    Food choice is a process through which people think, feel, and eat food. It is not only influence individual's health and well-being, families and communities, but also has effect on regional, national, and global levels. This qualitative study was carried out to explore perceptions and lived experiences of Tehranian adults on psychological, social and cultural determinants of food choice.
    Methods
    In this qualitative design, 33 adults aged 30-64 years old were recruited from various districts of Tehran, Capital of Iran to make us capable of exploring how people make decision about food choice in practice and shape their perception, attitude and eating practices An individual in-depth semi-structured interview guide included major questions with follow-up probes was used to explore participants’ current and past eating habits from childhood to adulthood, dietary change at different life courses and effective psychological state on food selection in different seasons.
    Findings: This study revealed that food choice in the studied adults (30-64 years old) is widely influenced by psychological, social and cultural determinants which can be categorized into five main themes: Cultural context and patterns, Social Structure and Norms, Information Resources and Media, Household and Family structure, Nutrition transition.
    Conclusions
    The findings clarify the importance of social and cultural contexts which influence the food choice of adults in metropolis like Tehran. Many of these concepts contextualize from the childhood and with the development of individuals. These findings could serve as guidance to design socio-culturally appropriate strategies and improve dietary behaviors of Iranians.
    Keywords: food choice, psychological, social, cultural, grounded theory methods
  • Serge Brand Pages 248-254
    Objective
    The aim of the present study was to assess socio-demographic and psychiatric characteristics of 40-65 years old suicide attempters referred to an emergency department within four hours of making their attempt.
    Method
    We assessed a total of 93 suicide attempters (Mage=46.59 years) referred to an emergency department. Patients completed questionnaires covering socio-demographic data, personality traits, mood, and impulsivity; experts rated patients’ psychiatric status.
    Results
    Experts rated 85 (92.4%) of the suicide attempters as having a psychiatric disorder. Based on self-ratings and compared to normative data, 42 (46.6%) were psychopathologically ill. Suicide attempts were not related to impulsive personality traits, mood disorders, socio-demographic patterns or gender (gender-ratio: 1:1.58;f:m).
    Conclusions
    The pattern of results suggests that further unknown factors were involved in pushing people to attempt suicide.
    Keywords: suicide attempts, middle aged patients, psychopathology, socio-demographic dimensions, emergency unit
  • Mohammadreza Mohammadi, Maryam Salmanian, Bagher Ghobari-Bonab, Jafar Bolhari Pages 255-261
    Objective
    Spiritual psychotherapy has been conceptualized in the context of love and belief as principles of existence. Spiritual psychotherapy can provide an opportunity to design programs to treat conduct disorder. The aim of this study was to introduce the Spiritual Psychotherapy Package for Adolescents with Conduct Disorder and execute it as a pilot study.
    Method
    The intervention is a manual-guided program conducted over 14 group sessions, using the perspectives of object relations and attachment approach. It was executed for a group of eight adolescent boys with conduct disorder (mean age: 17.01 years) at Tehran reformatory. The Aggression Questionnaire and the Attachment to God Inventory were completed pre- and post-intervention.
    Results
    There were no significant differences in outcome measures from pre- to post- intervention. Cohen's dav was applied to estimate the measure of the effect size in this study. Cohen's dav measures of avoidance and anxious attachment to God showed acceptable effect sizes. However, Cohen's dav measure of verbal aggression indicated a small effect size.
    Conclusion
    We found evidence indicating acceptability of spiritual psychotherapy among adolescents with conduct disorder in attachment to God.
    Keywords: Adolescents, Conduct Disorder, Object Attachment, Spiritual Therapies
  • Ramin Saravani, Hamid Reza Galavi, Marzieh Lotfian Sargazi Pages 262-268
    Objective
    The effects of human brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) Val66Met (G>A) and the human Catechol-O-methylTransferase (COMT) Val158Met (G>A) polymorphisms on Schizophrenia (SCZ) risk were evaluated.
    Methods
    This case control study included 92 SCZ patients and 92 healthy controls (HCs). Genotyping of both variants were conducted using Amplification Refractory Mutation System-Polymerase Chain Reaction (ARMS-PCR).
    Results
    The findings showed that BDNF Val66Met (G>A) variant increased the risk of SCZ (OR=2.008 95%CI=1.008-4.00, P=0.047, GA vs. GG, OR=3.876 95%CI=1.001-14.925, P=0.049. AA vs. GG, OR=2.272. 95%CI=1.204-4.347, P=0.011, GA vs. GG, OR=2.22 95%CI=1.29-3.82. P=0.005, A vs. G). COMT Val158Met (G>A) polymorphism was not associated with the risk/protective of SCZ.
    Conclusion
    The results proposed that BDNF Val66Met (G>A) polymorphism may increase the risk of SCZ development and did not support an association between COMT Val158Met (G>A) variant and risk/protective of SCZ. Further studies and different ethnicities are recommended to confirm the findings.
    Keywords: BDNF, COMT, Schizophrenia, Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
  • Fatemeh Moharrari, Aazam Sadat Heydari Yazdi Pages 269-277
    Introduction
    Anxiety disorders and depression during childhood and adolescence are among highly prevalent serious mental health problems, which lead to reduced performance in children and can also negatively affect on children’s emotional and social long-term development.
    Methods
    This study is a controlled clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of the "Friends for Life" cognitive-behavioral program in reducing the symptoms of anxiety and depression in children. In this study, 248 male students aged 10 were screened using the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety (RCMA) and the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) in terms of mild to moderate symptoms of anxiety and depression. Of the subjects, 40 students met the inclusion criteria.
    The demographic questionnaire, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and the Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale (DASS) were filled out by parents. The children in the experimental group received the "Friends for Life" cognitive-behavioral training program for eight 1-hour weekly sessions. RCMA, CDI, SDQ, and DASS were filled out again in both groups at the end of the sessions and 3 months later.
    Results
    Children’s depression and manifest anxiety scores before intervention were not significantly different in the two groups; however, their changes immediately after intervention and during 3 months of follow-up were significant (p
    Conclusions
    Implementation of "Friends for Life" program is effective in prevention and treatment of the symptoms of anxiety and depression in children.
    Keywords: Adult, Anxiety, Children, Depression
  • Sajedeh Hamidian, Zahra Noroozi, Niloofar Khajeddin, Mahnaz Mehrabi Zadeh Honarmand, Yadollah Zargar, Homeira Rashidi, Behrooz Dolatshahi Pages 278-283
    Objective
    Comorbidity with depression is a critical issue in dealing with diabetes type 2. Any intervention for diabetes treatment must consider the psychological dimensions associated with it. The aim of the present study is to assess the effectiveness of group cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) on depression and quality of life of women with diabetes type 2.
    Method
    The sample included 30 diabetic women comorbid with depression who were randomly divided into the experimental and control groups. The subjects received 10 sessions of group cognitive behavioral therapy and filled out Beck s Depression Inventory (BDI) and Quality of Life Scales befor and after the intervention.
    Results
    Using MANCOVA shows that the intervention in the experimental group decreased the depression symptoms (F=72.17, p
    Keywords: diabetes type 2, cognitive behavior therapy, depression