Iranian Journal of Psychiatry
Volume:13 Issue: 1, Winter 2018

Although the pathogenesis of schizophrenia is still uncertain, a variety of predisposing mechanisms have been implicated including inflammatory cascades. The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of acetaminophen as a cyclooxygenase inhibitor in treating patients with schizophrenia.
A double-blind clinical trial was performed on 52 patients with chronic schizophrenia. Patients received risperidone (up to 6 mg/day) plus either acetaminophen (975mg/day) or placebo. Psychotic symptoms were assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) at the onset of the trial, and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks post therapy.
Compared to the placebo group, the acetaminophen group showed no significant difference in any subtypes of PANSS. Moreover, the side effect profiles of the 2treatment regimens were not significantly different.
Acetaminophen adjuvant to risperidone showed no significant effect in ameliorating symptoms of schizophrenia.
Trial Registration: The trial was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (registration number: IRCT201410251556N67).

To date, there has been no specific survey of the prevalence of methamphetamine (MA) dependence among Iranian women in methadone maintenance therapy (MMT). The current study aimed at addressing this critical gap in the literature.
This study was part of a larger cross-sectional survey, which was conducted in 36 MMT clinics in Tehran during 2015 and 2016. A researcher-designed questionnaire was devised to collect data on demographics and drug and treatment characteristics. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 19.
Overall, 307 women were in the study sites. Of them, 275 were MA dependent (89.5%) while in MMT. The mean age of the participants, who were MA-dependent, was 38 years. Age of MA dependence was 30 years, and duration of MA dependence was 7years. However, only 24.3% of the participants were currently in MA treatment (i.e. Matrix Model). This was accompanied with high rates of psychiatric hospitalization (29.4%), anxiety (33.4%), and depression (50.9%) because of long years of untreated MA dependence.
The study revealed a high prevalence of untreated MA dependence and its adverse health impacts among the participants. However, no considerable treatment for MA dependence had been received by the participants. Psychosocial treatments should address MA dependence in MMT in Iran.

Smart phones have rapidly become an integral, and for some, an essential communication device worldwide. The issue of identity has always been a subject of interest among psychologists. The present study was conducted to compare personal and national identity and their subscales between cell phone addicts and non-addicts.
In this cross-sectional study, 500 student cell phone users from various universities in Tehran were recruited using stratified sampling. Participants completed cell phone addiction questionnaires including Mobile Phone Problematic Use Scale (MPPUS), Cell Phone Dependency Questionnaire (CPDQ), Personal Identity Development Questionnaire, Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (EOMEIS) and National Identity Questionnaire. Then, the subscales of these instruments were analyzed using SPSS Version 20.
Results of this study revealed significant differences between cell phone addicts and non-addicts in the scores of national identity, personal identity, and most subscales, except for some subscales (P The results of this study indicated that cell phone overuse may be correlated with defects in some aspects of national and personal identity.

The World Health Organization's definition of health now stands open to severe criticism due to changes in today's world and the accompanying mental void; in addition to physical, psychological, and social aspects, spiritual health and its interaction with the other aspects has been studied in scientific literature and recent research. The present study was conducted to investigate the mediating role of emotional regulation in the relationship between spiritual health with quality of life, psychological health, and burnout.
In this study, 231 staff from Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences completed Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF), General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28), and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). The gathered data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, Hierarchical Regression analysis, and Sobel’s test.
All variables were correlated with one another (p There is a complex and non-linear relationship between spiritual health and the areas of quality of life, mental health and burnout. This relationship is potentially influenced by emotional regulation.

Problem-solving ability is one of the most important means of family stability that enables the families to understand their roles, functions, and performances. Self-efficacy deficiency in problem-solving runs through many families. This qualitative study was conducted to investigate and describe how couples solve problems in their families.
This study was conducted to detect couples’ self-efficacy deficiency in problem-solving using purposive sampling method. Several deep semi-structured interviews based on McMaster model and observations were conducted by nine family therapists and psychiatrists on four couples (eight persons) living in Yazd (Iran).The interviews were performed, audio-recorded, and transcribed verbatim. The analysis was interpreted through directed content analysis methods.
Families in Yazd (Iran) made some attempts to solve their problems, but their efforts were not enough, and thus they suffered from self-efficacy deficiency, which included 8 categories. The main theme distilled from the data of 17 participants was self-efficacy deficiency, which included the following categories: avoidance, insolvency, interference from others, ineffective self-treatment, behavioral problems, stubbornness, superficiality, and denial.
It is of paramount importance to identify self-efficacy deficiency in families and promote problem- solving programs to increase family stability. In the present study, the main deficiencies in problem-solving were detected.

Burnout and poor mental health are among the most important issues in workplace, which may lead to serious consequences for organizations. The present study aimed at finding possible prediction of the variables based on existential aspects of responsibility, freedom, self- transcendence, and self-distance.
A total of 385 junior high school and high school teachers, who worked in Tehran schools (Dist.17), participated in this cross-sectional study. They were given Maslach Burnout Inventory, General Health Questionnaire, and Existence Scale to assess burnout, mental health problems, and existence aspects. The participants were selected through one-stage cluster sampling. Data were analyzed using a stepwise multiple variable regression method.
Responsibility, freedom, self- transcendence, and self-distance predicted nearly 38% of the variance of mental health; moreover, responsibility, freedom, and self- transcendence predicted nearly 28% of the variance of burnout altogether.
The findings of this study revealed that the existential aspects of responsibility, freedom, self-transcendence, and self-distance could be important in predicting burnout and mental health problems among teachers. However, further studies are required to investigate this possibility.

Frequent use of opioids produces reactive oxygen species, upregulates inflammatory factors, and contributes to opiate dependence. In this study, we examined perturbations of plasma oxidative and inflammatory markers in patients with opioid use disorder in two phases. In the first phase, we compared the oxidative status in patients with opioid use disorders and in healthy controls; and in the second phase, we examined oxidative changes before and after methadone maintenance treatment.
To explore whether oxidative changes were associated with opioid use disorder, we compared plasma oxidative and inflammatory markers in patients with opioid use disorder and in smoking and non-smoking healthy participants. All participants completed measures of catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9), and TNF-α at baseline. Baseline measures were compared using Kruskal-Wallis test. In the second phase, to explore oxidative changes during transition from opium use to methadone, blood and urine samples of patients with opioid use disorder were re-evaluated on Days 3, 7, and 14 after methadone therapy. Repeated measures analysis was used to determine the relative contribution of intervention to changes in CAT, GSH, MDA, SOD, MMP-9, and TNF-α level over time.
We observed lower SOD and catalase activities, and higher TNF-α and MMP-9 level in patients compared to the two comparison groups. Opioids exacerbated the oxidative imbalance and superimposed the underlying oxidative injury in smoker comparison group. Methadone therapy was associated with lower MMP-9 and TNF-α level, and higher SOD and catalase activities two weeks after therapy; showing an improvement in oxidative profile.
This was an investigation indicating an oxidative imbalance before methadone therapy and during early days of transition from opium use to methadone. Being aware of redox status is crucial for determining an appropriate antioxidant therapy in opioid use disorder.

depression is one of the most serious and prevalent mood disorders. Aging population is an important economic, social, and health challenge of the 21st century. The present study aimed at estimating the prevalence of depression among the Iranian elderly through meta-analysis method.
Studies were searched in ISI, Scopus, Pub Med, Google Scholar, and in Iranian databases including Iran Medex, Magiran, SID, and Med Lib using the following keywords: “depression”, “prevalence”, and “elderly”. Data were analyzed using meta-analysis (random effects model). Heterogeneity among the results of the studies was examined by “I2” index. Beck, DASS-21, GHQ-28, and G DS questionnaires were used in this study, and analyses were performed using STATA Ver.11.
A total of 26 studies in Iran with a sample size of 5781 individuals had been found during 2001 and 2015. Prevalence of depression among Iranian elderly was estimated to be 43% (95% confidence interval (CI):30% - 55%). The findings showed that the prevalence of depression among Iranians were49% in women, 48% in men, 37% in unmarried, and 45%in the married. In addition, the prevalence of very severe, severe, moderate, and mild depression levels were estimated to be 5%, 19%, 33%, and 38% of the participants, respectively. No significant difference was observed between married and unmarried individuals. Most of Iranian elderly suffered from mild depression.
There was high level of depression prevalence among Iranian elderly, and women were more depressed than men. So, policy makers must design and run mental health programs to decrease the prevalence of depression among Iranian elderly.

Delirium is a brain dysfunction syndrome. In most cases, this syndrome is neither diagnosed accurately nor treated properly. The incidence of delirium by itself increases hospitalization period, mortality rate and the cost in health spectrum. If appropriate attempts are not made to treat this complication, the outcomes could become worse. Thus, the present study aimed at conducting a review on medications which are prescribed to treat delirium and establishing a general view on their advantages and disadvantages.
By searching Google Scholar, PsycINFO, Scopus, and PubMed databases as well as hand searching in key journals, data were collected without time and language limitation. After collecting the data, comparing the similar or contradictory information, and sorting them, the views of specialists were inquired and duly received via email. By acquiring consensus of opinions, the secondary manuscript was written in a narrative review form.
This narrative review paper aimed at providing a general view on defining delirium, the pathologic factors that create it, and treating this syndrome based on its development. Authentic evidence regarding delirium management was reviewed and a treatment strategy was suggested for Iranian patients.

This study aimed at reporting the effect of the 3-phase model of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of a patient with borderline personality disorder.
A 33-year-old female, who met the DSM-IV-TR criteria for borderline personality disorder, received a 20-session therapy based on the 3-phase model of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Borderline Personality Disorder Checklist (BPD-Checklist), Dissociative Experience Scale (DES-II), Beck Depression Inventory-II-second edition (BDI-II), and Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were filled out by the patient at all treatment phases and at the 3- month follow- up.
According to the obtained results, the patient’s pretest scores in all research tools were 161, 44, 37, and 38 for BPD-Checklist, DES-II, BDI-II, and BAI, respectively. After treatment, these scores decreased significantly (69, 14, 6 and 10 respectively). So, the patient exhibited improvement in borderline personality disorder, dissociative, depression and anxiety symptoms, which were maintained after the 3-month follow-up.
The results supported the positive effect of phasic model of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing on borderline personality disorder.