فصلنامه پاتوبیولوژی مقایسه ای
سال شانزدهم شماره 64 (تابستان 1398)

Nowadays, plant essential oils are more attractive to consumers as alternatives to chemical preservatives. In addition, consumers' desire to consume probiotic products is increasing, so it is important to produce probiotic cultures that are resistant to probiotic bacteria and herbal essences. And ketchup is a product that is very commonly used.

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Zataria Multiflora Boiss and Rosmarinus Officinalis essential oils was determined by probiotic bacteria Bacillus coagulans by agar dilution method. Ketchup containing bacteria and each of the essential oils were produced separately and together, and the specimen lacked essential oil and bacteria as control. PH, acidity and probiotic counting factors were performed at intervals of 24 hours, 72 hours, one week, two weeks and one month after the production of sauce samples. Finally, sensory evaluation was performed using a 5-point Hedonic test.

MIC of Zataria Multiflora Boiss and Rosmarinus Officinalis was obtained from 0.03% and 0.3%, respectively. The results of chemical and microbiological tests have a significant correlation. pH is declining in most samples, microbial count is declining in all samples and acidity is rising. In the sensory evaluation, the best sample in the overall acceptance index of the control sample (without bacteria and essential oil), followed by treatment with bacteria and essential oil of Zataria Multiflora Boiss, were detected.

The antimicrobial effect of Zataria Multiflora Boiss is more than Rosmarinus Officinalis. Bacillus coagulans is a resistant probiotic bacterium, but ketchup is not a good carrier for probiotic bacteria compared with other food products such as dairy products and cooked foods.

The effects of biological pollution on proteins were considered recently. MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) is one of the environmental pollutants which attracted attention since it is able to increase the efficiency of gasoline. MTBE is released to environment gradually and enters the blood stream. According to the homology between human and rat's hemoglobin, the effects of MTBE on the structure of mice hemoglobin was studied in vivo. Three mice groups received 200, 400, 800 mg/ Kg body weight MTBE via gavage. The structural changes were examined using fluorescence, circular dichroism, and UV-visible spectroscopies. According to UV-visible spectroscopy, more rigidity was revealed in the presence of MTBE due to higher absorbance at 280 nm. Far-UV CD was performed to monitor the secondary structural changes of hemoglobin upon using MTBE. The results presented no significant changes in the second structure of hemoglobin. In general, it could concluded that rats treated with various concentration of MTBE presented more compact hemoglobin structure.

Our knowledge about the development and growth of fungiform papillae in camelus dromedarius fetuses is insufficient. Therefore, in this study, histological development of fungiform papillae and its taste buds were studied.  In this study a total of 25fetuses of the camelus dromedarius were used.fetuses were divided into five groups with an approximate age of 7-6 weeks, 11 weeks, 12-13 weeks, 15-16 weeks, and 18-17 weeks. For histological studies, after fixation  and passage,all samples  were stained by Hematoxylin-Eosin staining method and selected sections were photographed with Light Microscope. Evidence of Thickening of the epithelium in to 4-6 layer was observed as early as 6-7 week. In fetuses of about 11week, elemental patterns of fungiform papillae and muscle cells emerged. In 12-13 week old fetuses, connective tissue and lamina propria underlying them with blood vessels was evident , which is a sign of papillary differentiation. Further differentiation of the epithelium  continued in fetuses of about 15-16 week, where early rudiments of taste buds was observed. in 17-18 week old fetuses, taste buds were developed well and taste buds cell were recognizable. Findings of this study showed that the stages of fungiform papillae differentiation in a camelusdromedarius fetus were started in a 6 to 18 weeks during prenatal period which begins with increasing thickening of the epithelium of the tongue and then the connective tissue and blood vessels developed. Finally, the differentiation of the taste buds cells on fungiform papillae was investigated.

Escherichia genus has six species, five of which are associated with human diseases. Among them, 35% of total septicemia and more than 70% of urinary tract infections and most of the intestinal infections, abscess, pneumonia and meningitis can be mentioned.Escherichia coli is clinically significant, while other species contain about 1% of isolated clinical cases in the genus Escherichia coli. Salmonella coli is an enterobacterin producing bacterium, and the cluster of enterobacterin gene on the chromosome in E.coli bacterium and, in conditions of iron deficiency and deficiency, E.coli bacterium produces 15-10 mg/L of enterobacterin and, in view of the high desire for binding of enterobacterin to Fe3+ iron, provides the environment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the genes of the enterobacterin etherbacetin producing siderophora isolated from poultry meat by multiplex-PCR method. In this study, a total of 60 poultry meat samples isolated from industrial slaughterhouses in Tehran in 1395, which were infected by E.coli were identified using different methods of morphology, culture and biochemical tests. In total, 43 samples, at least one Two genotypes were evaluated positively. In total, 4 samples of 60 samples contained only FyuA gene (66.66%), two specimens containing were detected both FyuA, FeoB (33.3%) and 37 samples Only the FeoB gene (61.66%) and 17 (28.33%) without any of the studied genes.

The accumulation of various non_degradable synthetic materials, especially the various types of packaging materials in nature ,has led to increasedtendency to usingof biodegradable films and coatings in food packaging ,in recent years. These packages have various benefits such as biodegradability and the transport of food additives such as antioxidants, antimicrobials, colorants and nutrients. Ferulagoangulata is traditionally used to preserve food and enhanced its taste as traditional spice. In this research, the antibacterial, antioxidant and qualitative properties of starch-based coating containing with different concentrations(0, 1%,1/5%,2%,3%) of Ferulagoangulata extractin rainbow trout fillet during storage period were investigated by theevaluation ofpH, peroxide index, color characteristics, total bacterial counts, psychrophilic counts.The chemical analysis of the extract by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was determined 9 high percentages components of total (96.85%) including o-Cymene, α-Pinene, trans-β-Ocimene and Bornyl acetate as the main components of the extract.According to our results ,Antioxidant and  antibacterial activities enhanced significantly in a  dose dependent mannerWhich means that increasing the concentration of extract in the coating leads to upper L*, a*, b* index and lower pH, peroxide value  index compared to control sample and also our results indicated significantly (p<0.05) decreased of  total microbial  and psychrophiles bacteria counts  in rainbow trout fillet during the period of storage.

Piroplasmosis is a protozoal disease that can cause acute inflammation in the horse. The disease is transmitted by ticks and spread worldwide. Measurement of acute inflammatory phase proteins is important in the diagnosis of inflammation from the disease. This study was conducted to evaluate serum Amyloid A and Haptoglobin levels in horses with pyroplasmosis and compare them with healthy horses. 19 horses with piroplasmosis (12 males and 7 females) were identified on horseback riding around Tabriz and Ardebil in the summer. From the livestock, after taking the history, blood samples were collected from the jugular vein and the serum was isolated. Also, 18 healthy horses (negative blood samples) were also sampled with the same age and nutritional and management status as the healthy group. In each blood sample prepared after serum separation, the serumicheptoglobin and amyloid A values ​​were measured on the basis of immunoassay and specific kits. The mean serumic amyloid A level in horses with piroplasmosis was higher than healthy horses, non significantly (p = 0.164). The mean serum haptoglobin increased in the patient group, significantly (p = 0.014). There was no significant difference between sex and age in serumic levels of these two parameters. The final result is that in piroplasmosis disease in the horse, the serumic levels of amyloid A and heptoglobin increase, and its measurement will be useful in the diagnosis and interpretation of the inflammatory process.

Dermatophytosis is one of the most common fungal infection in human and animals. Today in some cases drug resistance were reported, so designing the new antifungal agents were necessary. In this study we evaluated the antifungal susceptibility of nano fluconazole compare with fluconazole on zoophilic dermatophyte isolates by CLSI M38-A2 method. Dermatophyte species were isolated from patients and animals with dermatophytosis and identified with PCR sequencing of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region. 47 isolates of zoophilic dermatophytes were identified, including 23 cases of T. mentagrophytes, 12 cases of T. verrocosum and 12 cases of M. canis. The MIC50  of fluconazole for three species including T. mentagrophytes, T. verrocosum, and M. canisisolates were 32, 32, and 8 μg/ml, respectively. These value for nano fluconazole were 8, 16 and 4 μg/ml for three mentioned species. Also MIC90 for these three mentioned species were 64, 64, and 16 μg/ml for fluconazole and 16, 32, and 8 μg/ml for nano fluconazole. The MIC value for nano fluconazole was lower than fluconazole in all dermatophytes species, so nano fluconazole could inhibit the growth of dermatophytes better than fluconazole in lower concentration of drug.