Journal of Medical Physiology
Volume:1 Issue: 1, Summer 2016

Obesity, characterized with hypertrophy and hyperplasia of adipocytes, is a pro- Considering the importance of exercise intensity in training, the present study aimed to compare the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on endothelial function of arteries in type-2 diabetes patients. In the present randomized double blind parallel clinical trial, 36 T2D patients were allocated to 3 groups of control (without regular training), MICT, and HIIT. Anthropometric indices, Biochemical evaluation, peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), resting NOx, and resting ET-1, and insulin resistance index was calculated using homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR) method were measured and compared. Both MICT and HIIT reduced haemoglobin A1c [F (2, 33) = 80.2; p < 0.0001], insulin [F (2, 33) = 57.7; p < 0.0001], and HOMA-IR [F (2, 33) = 99.1; p < 0.0001]. However, the effect of HIIT (p = 0.004) was more than MICT (p < 0.001) in reducing the 3 mentioned factors. Both MICT (p < 0.0001) and HIIT (p = 0.0002) led to a significant increase in NOx [F (2, 33) = 57.7; p < 0.0001] in diabetic patients. This increase was significantly higher in HIIT group group (p < 0.0001). In addition, HIIT intervention caused a significant increase in VO2peak compared to control group (p < 0.0001) and MICT group (p < 0.0001) [F (2, 33) = 59.9; p < 0.0001]. ET-1 level was also reduced after training intervention in both MICT (p = 0.02) and HIIT (p = 0.02) groups compared to control group [F (2, 33) = 5.5; p = 0.009]. HIIT can lead to more improvements in endothelial function and controlling diabetes and lipid profile compared to MICT, by causing more increase in aerobic fitness, more decrease in insulin resistance, and more increase in NOx bioactivity.

Despite the availability of several drug classes for treatment of neuropathic pain, no one provides the optimal balance of efficacy, tolerability and safety. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is widely used for reducing pain with various origin around the world. The aim of this study was to compare the analgesic effect of intraperitoneally and intrathecally administration of paracetamol in chronic constriction Injury (CCI) model of the sciatic nerve in male rats. In this study, 24 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 2 groups (n=12). The CCI model of sciatic nerve was used for induction of neuropathic pain. Catheterization was performed on the eleventh day after injury through the space between the L5 and L6. On the fourteen days after injury, paracetamol injected intraperitoneally (100mg/kg) and intrathecally (50μg / rat) in two different groups. Thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia and cold allodynia evaluated 15, 60 and 120 minutes after injection. The intact limb was used as control. Injury of the sciatic nerve induced a significant decrease in pain threshold. Both intraperitoneal (p<0.001) and intrathecal (p<0.001) administration of paracetamol reduced the pain and this effect continued until 120 minutes after injection. However, paracetamol does not increase the pain threshold of injured hindpaw to the uninjured one. The effectiveness of paracetamol was similar in both methods of administration (p>0.05). The findings of this study indicate that intraperitoneal and intrathecal administration of paracetamol had no significant difference in pain symptoms. Therefore, because of convenience and lower risk, intraperitoneal administration is recommended to relief the pain.

Obesity, a pro-inflammatory state, can be related to several diseases. Secreting cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-1 (IL-1), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6), adipose tissue can play an essential role in inflammation and insulin resistance. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of gender difference on serum leptin, insulin, and some inflammatory cytokines among obese or overweight males and females. Obese and overweight subjects (84 men and 105 women) aged 18 - 60 years were assessed. The concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6, leptin, insulin, and anthropometric measurements were measured in fasting blood samples. The mean values of anthropometric measurements (all P < 0.001) and the concentrations of homocysteine (P<0.001) were significantly higher in men than women. IL-6 (P < 0.001) and IL-1 (P = 0.002) were significantly higher among females. Females had a higher level of Leptin but this difference was not significant (P = 0.055). No significant differences were found in insulin, TNF-α and high-sensitive C-reactive protein between males and females. Overall, our study demonstrated that there were significant differences in levels of IL-6, IL-1 and homocysteine between obese males and females.

Few studies exist regarding the relationship between white blood cell (WBC) count and abdominal injury, and their findings are sometime contradictory. In addition, due to the different mechanisms proposed for the increase in WBC count following trauma, it is not yet known which type of these cells increase following trauma. Thus, the present study was designed aiming to evaluate the relationship between WBC count and injury severity in abdominal trauma. The present retrospective cross-sectional study was done on abdominal injury patients over 18 years old. Extracted data included demographic data (age, sex), injury severity score (ISS), and WBC count. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on ISS, namely mild injury (ISS <16) and severe injury (ISS ≥ 16). The correlation of WBC count with injury severity was evaluated based on linear regression and area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. 186 patients were included (mean age 37.8 ± 12.1 years old; 79.0% male). A significant direct correlation was found between ISS with total WBC (R2=0.46; β=0.26, 95% CI: 0.22-0.30; p < 0.0001) and neutrophil (R2=0.43; β=0.24, 95% CI: 0.20-0.28; p < 0.0001) counts in blood. Area under the ROC curve of WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and other cells (monocytes, eosinophil, and basophils) counts were 0.84 (95% CI: 0.78-0.90), 0.81 (95% CI: 0.75-0.87), 0.63 (95% CI: 0.55-0.71), and 0.56 (95% CI: 0.47-0.64), respectively. Area under the ROC curve for WBC and neutrophil counts were significantly larger than that of lymphocyte and other cells in diagnosis of severe injuries (p < 0.0001). Findings of the present study showed that following abdominal trauma, WBC count increases in blood. The effect of trauma on increasing the cells is greater on neutrophils compared to other cells. However, moderate discriminatory power of WBC count in prediction of severe injuries limits its use for diagnosis of severe abdominal injuries.

Green tea is believed to have some health promoting benefits. Among them anti-inflammatory properties are proposed to cause an analgesic effect. Few studies also have given it a central role to inhibit pain. The aim of this experiment was to compare the anti-nociception effects of green tea extract and sodium salicylate on neurogenic and inflammatory pain induced by formalin injection. The experiment was done on 31 male Wistar rats. They were randomly divided into four groups: normal saline treated (control), sodium salicylate treated and the other two groups were treated with different dosages of green tea extracts (200 and 300 mg/kg) intra-peritoneally. All subjects underwent the standard formalin test 30 minutes after the treatments and were followed for 60 minutes. In the early and the intermediate phases of the study, treatment with 200 mg/kg (p=0.01 for early phase; p = 0.02 for intermediate phase) and 300 mg/kg (p = 0.02 for intermediate phases) of green tea extract demonstrated lower levels of pain in comparison with sodium salicylate but not with the control group (p > 0.05). In the late phase of the test, the control group had significantly higher nociception scores than the other groups (P = 0.018 for green tea 200 mg/kg, P = 0.038 green tea 300 mg/kg, and p = 0.016 for sodium salicylate). The green tea treated groups and those treated with sodium salicylate showed similar nociception scores in the late phase of formalin test (p > 0.05).Green tea extract administration seems to be effective against painful feelings at least in an inflammatory condition. This effect of green tea is comparable with sodium Salicylate. This finding is such a confirmatory data according to other investigations and might be clues to utilize proven safer analgesics.

There are a few studies that have assessed the effect of professional heavy exercise on function and physiology of skeletal muscles. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare electromyography (EMG) parameters in athletes with healthy non-athletes. In the present case-control study 20 male professional athletes (case group) and 20 healthy non-athlete men (control group) with similar body mass index (BMI) were included. Needle EMG recording was used. EMG evaluations included 3 parameters of duration, amplitude, and polyphasic in motor unit action potential (MUAP). 20 athletes and 20 healthy non-athletes were included (mean age 26.80 ± 3.56 years). Mean duration of MUAP in athletes and non-athletes were 34.04 ± 1.08 and 24.65 ± 3.24 ms, respectively (p < 0.001). Mean amplitude was 1490.15 ± 127.53 mA in athletes group and 877.90 ± 121.16 mA in non-athletes group (p < 0.001). Mean polyphasic number in athletes and non-athletes groups were 98.35 ± 7.38 and 83.50 ± 11.54 times, respectively, which shows a significant difference between the 2 groups in this regard (p < 0.001). Considering the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that in healthy professional athletes various parameters of EMG are higher compared to non-athletes. Therefore, in interpretation of their EMG, this should not be counted as abnormal. This may be the result of changes in secondary muscle fibers due to exercise.