Journal of Medical Physiology
Volume:2 Issue: 1, Winter 2107

Work related injuries make up a major part of traumatic injuries, which inflict a financial burden and huge costs on the family and society. Work related injuries result in loss of a work force of a country on one hand and cause the family to lose its financial support on the other. Therefore, this type of injury has attracted much attention.
Although numerous variables play a role in occurrence of these accidents, the effect of physiologic factors cannot be overlooked in this regard. For example interference of night working shifts with the natural circadian rhythm of the body is among these factors. Age, decreased physical strength, tiredness and extent of light are among other factors that affect the level of consciousness in an individual and may lead to work related traumas.
In recent years, the role of circadian rhythm in occurrence of work related traumas has been widely considered. Circadian rhythm is formed as a result of a number of clock genes in suprachiasmatic nucleus and other organs of the body. Circadian rhythm is associated with significant changes in hormone secretion and level of consciousness in an individual. Rhythms desynchrony is a phenomenon seen in those that work during the night and sleep during the day and is accompanied by increased risk of work related accidents. For example in a systematic review assessing 13 studies, it was revealed that working night shifts is associated with increased risk of work related accidents.
However, there is still controversy regarding the net effect of night shifts in incidence of work related accidents. One question that has not been answered yet is that if an individual works night shifts for a long time, is their circadian rhythm affected or not? On the other hand, can using strategies that improve level of consciousness (such as using blue light in the work place) decrease the incidence of these accidents? Are changes in sleep and wake conditions alone able to alter the expression of clock genes in body and suprachiasmatic nucleus or not? Therefore, there is still room for research in this field and further studies are needed in this regard.

The main treatment for fecal incontinence is sphincter repair surgery; however, its outcome is not that satisfactory and return of fecal incontinence symptoms is common, especially in long term follow up of the patients. On the other hand, alternative methods such as using mesh or artificial sphincters are not ideal due to high morbidity and probability of device failure and the effect of methods such as injection of bulking agents are limited by numerous factors like absorption of the injected agent, its migration, fat embolism and formation of granuloma. Therefore, tendency to alternative or supplemental treatments such as using stem cells for replacing the lost tissue is increasing. In this study, the aim is to do a narrative review on cellular strategies and their strong and weak points in treating fecal incontinence.

The probability of abortion in individuals with anticardiolipin antibody is estimated to be 4 times more than others. The present study was designed with the aim of evaluating the prevalence of anticardiolipin antibody positive cases among patients with habitual abortion.
The present retrospective cross-sectional study was done on all the women presenting to an educational hospital with complaint of habitual abortion during 2 years using census sampling. With the aid of a pre-designed checklist age, number of previous abortions, gestational age at the time of abortion, history and duration of infertility, causes of habitual abortion, number of infants born alive, type of infertility, and level of anticardiolipin antibody were collected for all the patients and were analyzed using SPSS 20 statistical software and descriptive statistics.
110 habitual abortion patients with the mean age of 29.2 ± 5.96 (range: 18-43) years were studied. 81 (73%) of the abortions were reported in the first trimester of pregnancy. Anatomic factors with 35.6% and endocrine factors with 7.3% were the most common causes of habitual abortion. Anticardiolipin antibody was positive in 15 (13.6%) of the patients with the mean age of 28.9 ± 6.27 years. In the end, 35 (31.8%) pregnancies occurred during the 2 years, 26 (74.2%) of which were successful and 9 (25.7%) were unsuccessful. 5 (33.3%) of the 15 patients with positive anticardiolipin antibody that were evaluated in this study got pregnant during the 2-year follow-up, only one of which was successful.
Based on the findings of the present study, prevalence of positive cases of anticardiolipin antibody was estimated to be 13.6% among those presenting to the mentioned hospital with habitual abortion. These patients were in a worse condition regarding probability of successful pregnancy compared to other cases of habitual abortion (with anatomic, infectious, or other reasons).

Isolation rearing is a neurodevelopmental manipulation that produces behavioral alterations in rodents that in many ways are consistent with resemble schizophrenia. Alteration in sensorimotor gating function has been seen in post-weaning social isolation rearing model of schizophrenia. Pre pulse inhibition (PPI) response is one of the reliable tests for investigation of sensorimotor gating deficits. Genetically variation has been seen in PPI test in rodent models of schizophrenia. The aim of this study is to investigate the sensorimotor deficit in developmental models of schizophrenia in male Wistar rats.
Male Wistar rats (25 days old) were randomly allocated to isolated and social experimental groups. Isolated rats were kept individually per cage, while in social groups 3-4 rats were housed in each cage for eight weeks. On the eighth week sensorimotor deficit was determined in both social and isolated groups via PPI test. Three different pulse intensities were used as pre-pulse. PPI data were analyzed via repeated measures ANOVA across startle and pre-pulse intensities. One-way ANOVA was performed for each of the pre-pulse intensities followed by Tukey post-hoc.
Isolation-reared rats showed sensorimotor gating deficits, reflected by decreased pre-pulse inhibition of the startle response compared with social rats (P According to the results, we concluded that isolation rearing constitutes a valuable, noninvasive manipulation for modeling schizophrenia-like deficits in male rats.

Although the relationship between cardiovascular and respiratory parameters and mortality in trauma patients has been reported in studies, the findings have been contradictory in many cases. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the relationship of systolic and diastolic blood pressures, heart and respiratory rates, arterial oxygen saturation and shock index with 6-month mortality of trauma patients.
In a prospective cohort study, vital signs of the trauma patients presenting to emergency department were evaluated on admission. The patients were followed for 6 months and mortalities were recorded. Finally, using stepwise multivariate logistic regression test and reporting odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and multilevel, random intercept logistic regression models, the relationship between the evaluated factors and probability of death was assessed.
Data of 3158 patients with the mean age of 31.47±16.37 years (73.65% male) were evaluated. Apart from heart rate, the relationship of all the factors with probability of death was non-linear. The slope of mortality risk remained relatively constant with increase in heart rate, which means that with increase in heart rate, the probability of death also increased linearly (R2=0.98; p Findings of the present study showed that apart from heart rate, other evaluated factors had an s-shape correlation with mortality in trauma patients. In other words, with little change in any of these factors, mortality risk of trauma patients can rise significantly. Therefore, continuous monitoring of blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and arterial oxygen saturation level in emergency departments is of great importance.

There is still controversy regarding the role of chloride ion and other serum ions in prediction of mortality in patients with hypertension. Therefore, the present study was planned out with the aim of assessing the relationship of serum levels of chloride, bicarbonate, sodium, and potassium ions with mortality in hypertensive patients.
The present retrospective cohort was carried out on patients with hypertension presenting to a heart clinic in Tehran, Iran. Data were gathered by an acute care nurse practitioner using patients’ medical profiles. Serum levels of chloride, bicarbonate, sodium, and potassium ions were assessed on the first visit and the correlation of these ions with 2-year mortality of the patients was evaluated by reporting hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (95%CI).
Finally, data of 893 individuals were assessed (73.91% male; mean age 49.52±15.60 years). During the 2 years of follow up, 67 (7.5%) cases of death was observed. Cox regression analysis showed that compared to normal levels of bicarbonate, decrease in this ion to measures less than 22 mEq/L leads to increased risk of mortality in hypertensive patients (HR=10.31; p0.05).
For the first time, the findings of the present study showed that serum anion levels play an important role in incidence of mortality among patients with hypertension and can therefore be used for risk stratification of hypertensive patients.