فصلنامه رشد فناوری
پیاپی 21 (زمستان 1388)

Stress is simply a fact of nature-forces from the outside world affecting the individual. Theindividual responds to stress in ways that affect the individual as well as their environment.Hence, all living creatures are in a constant interchange with their surroundings (the ecosystem), both physically and behaviorally. This interplay of forces, or energy, is of course present in the relationships between all matter in the universe, whether it is living (animate) or not living (inanimate). However, there are critical differences in how different living creatures relate to their environment. These differences have far-reaching consequences for survival. Because of the overabundance of stress in our modern lives, we usually think of stress as a negative experience, but from a biological point of view, stress can be a neutral, negative, or positive experience. We know that stress of knowledge workers is in organization, and they dislike complexity of work and long mandatory work hours. This dissatisfaction in stress's framework is more in knowledgeworker, because of knowledge work is very complex. Stress unsettles balance between knowledge work and knowledge worker in organization, and it affects production of knowledge. There is relationship between stress and productivity. In this paper, we try to review stress and its effects on knowledge workers and focus on strategies for decreasing stress and promotion of knowledge worker productivity.

Today, while everything is changing so fast and the competitors are always trying to increase their market share through competitive advantages, noticing the aspects of innovations is a way to increase the competitive advantages in this dynamic commercial environment.Appearance of the Internet and other different information technologies has changed the business models for gaining the competitive advantages, and electronic-based businesses have turned into a vital tool to relate the companies to customers and market forces sustainably. Parent companies can be separated from other companies because of their special characteristics in the business models. In this research, different dimensions of innovation are recognized and categorized in 4 main factors: 1) development of information technologie's tools, 2)degree of competitive prices, 3) centralization degree in industry (market share) and 4) centralization and the degree of flexibility in duties. These different dimensions of innovation are surveyed in Iran Khodro and Saipa (two parent companies in Iran). To evaluate the e-business models, these factors were applied to find out the importance of the factors in the automobile industry. The result of research showed that only centralization and flexibility in duties have not obtained the key role in implementing e-business in Parent Companies in car-producing industries. Finally, the important factors have been evaluated in Iran_Khodro Parent Company to show how well the company can succeed inimplementing e-business.

Nowadays, science and technology policy-making think tanks have an important role indesign, analysis and evaluation of science and technology policies. These institutes havekey impacts on facilitating and improvement of science and technology development programs in many countries. In the first section of this paper, we consider features and functions of science and technology policy-making think tanks very briefly. Then, we introduce three instances of science and technology policy-maker institutes in our country and three other instances of these institutes in the vision 2025 region countries and mention their main activities. Finally, we compare these six institutes based on their organizational affiliations (being governmental or private), domain and level of activities (being sectoral or meta sectoral), educational activities and international cooperation. The comparison shows that there is a great inclination to the establishment of governmental - in contrast to private - science and technology policy think tank among the vision region countries; most of these institutes have not official continuous educational activities whichis counted as an advantage for them; and specially, other countrie's institutes have rather remarkable international cooperation, while Iranian institutes almost have no similar activities. The results can be utilized in design, establishment and development of science and technology policy-maker think tanks in Iran.

For improving a technology it is essential to activate NIS to help technology to grow. It is the same for Aviation industry. Aviation industry will be one of the seven major industries in the world in future. And improvement in this field can cause improvement in other industrial fields. On the other hand one of the most important ways for technology catch-up is benchmark- ing. Benchmarking helps us to see how successful we can be.Three factors have major roles in air industry: first, economies of scale. Second, airframe man- ufacturing. Third, in the case of airplanes, development, modification and maintenance require extremely intimate manufacturer-customer relations or user-active innovation. In this sense, every passenger jet that takes off is in fact a customized product rather than a homogenous commodity. These three are the most important things to pay attention in air industry in this article. Here we compare NIS in Japan, Russia, Brazil and analyze what they have done for improving aviation industry, and see which of them is more successful. Then we try to choose the most suitable andcompare Iranian air industry with the prosperous model among the 3 countries in order to suggest a NIS model for Iran.

Competitive advantage of an organization is heavily dependent on the effectiveness of supply chain organization. Today, Supply Chain Management, is a growing body of toolsand technologies for coordination and optimization of key processes, including: Reduction of costs, increasing quality, facilitate distribution, increasing customer satisfaction etc., and Supply Chain Management should improve the coordination among members of the chain in order to achieve these goals and increase opportunities. Along with the growth in information technology in recent years, we can see that E-commerce has caused a revolution in supply management. In particular the Internet, which has the major role in e-commerce, has high potential and capacity for efficient supply chain. This article studies the factors influencing technology adoption in an organization and the consequent impression of e-commerce emerging as a new technology on dif- ferent sections of the chain. SCM development and a change in the strategy of commercial units along with E-business development considering all its basic problems and obstacles makes it necessary to respond to the challenges facing this technology to be executed and implemented.

Emergence of new technologies such as Information Technology has extensive and profound effects on different dimensions of organization. One of these Dimensions, is Customer rela- tionship management (CRM). "Information Technology" is one of the main aspects of CRM. The application of IT in CRM makes it necessary to make a new concept that is called " Electronic Customer Relationship Management (eCRM)". The purposes of this article are as follows; first, Survey eCRM into multilateral dimension, second, expressing development in traditional CRM and third, studying differences between CRM and eCRM,and last but not the least is recognizing the definition, characteristics and status of eCRM. Next step will be considering the various uses of IT in CRM and presenting opportunities in CRM that provide through IT. Then it come to expressing the simple implementation of eCRM, along with the essential points. In addition, chal-lenges and threats of eCRM and errors in its implementation are discussed. Next part is a review of a successful implementation case of eCRM. At the end, trends and future perspectives of eCRM are explored.

Single window for SMEs enroll as an information technology which bridges between SMEsand service suppliers specially government authorities. Single window is a long lasting con-cept and the ideal among all service users, in the case of SMEs. Such a system also has so many benefits for all of its partners, including reduction of costs and time and increasing Quality and knowledge management. Successful Implementation of Single window is due to good planning and having an applied experienced model which includes all of the important aspects of the issue for granted. This paper introduces a noble applied model based on 6C conceptual model and suc- cessful projects lessons learnt for Iran SMEs; the projects and their PPP model needed to be inves- tigated is followed. The results will be helpful for developing countries in order to run similar projects.