فصلنامه رشد فناوری
پیاپی 37 (زمستان 1392)

Iranian academic sector is approaching research commercialization, although, creation of university spin-offs is an initial experience in this sector. Legislation of “knowledge based firms support and commercialization of invention and innovations” has provided great opportunity for the creation of this type of firms in universities and research institutes. But universities and research institutes are still required to complete their infrastructures including rules and regulations needed for the creation of spin-offs. One of the most important of these is "allocation of university spin-off equity among their owners" regulation. Owners of university spin-offs are universities and research institutes, inventor researchers, investors and external entrepreneurs. Allocation of spin-off equity among these parties satisfactorily, is one of the important challenges to spin-off creation in universities and research institutes. This article first tries to identify founders and other parties that are gradually added to owners of spin-off companies. Then stakeholder's equity determinant factors will be discussed. Finally implementation of a framework for the allocation of spin-off companie's equity among their owners will be raised. 10 universities in America, Britain and Canada with spin-off creation experience have been studied in this article.

National innovation system (NIS) as a system approach to innovation is composed of institutions that interact with each other for creation, dissemination and application of new knowledge commercially, acting within the boundaries of a country. One of these institutions is research and technology organizations (RTOs). In most countries, such organizations exist independently and non-corporate. In the innovation system, the role of intermediaries (especially RTOs) in the innovation process is an important element of successful innovation. RTOs in developing countries are, therefore, important actors in NIS, since they contribute significantly in the intensive learning process, which enabled these countries to successfully catch up with developed ones and, subsequently, shape their economy into a Knowledge Based Economy. The most prominent of such organizations in the innovation system of Iran, is the academic center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR). This article reviews and explains the research and technology organizations in the National Innovation System and studies ACECR as an example. Also, this article reviews reasons of formation for, distinguishing features, functions and domains of activity and position of research and technology organizations in National innovation system. Furthermore, the position of ACECR is explained as a Research and Technology Organization in Iran’s innovation system and finally some recommendations related to the role of ACECR in the innovation system of Iran and it’s domains of activity are made.

Organizational structure as an operational context for organization’s plans and strategies clarifies the relationship among employees or executives. Along with changing in the other components of transformation, organizations must consider changing their organizational structure. Iran’s Science and Technology Parks as centers for promopting innovation in a local and national society also need a structure appropriate to their mission, goals, tasks and fundamental activities. In this article, we review structure notion and its structural and content aspects and introduce Science and Technology Parks as developmental mechanisms. In order to achieve a proper structure for Iran’s Science and Technology Parks, we studied the Parks’ fundamental activities in their mission and goals statements and conduct a comparative study of the structure of 12 Science and Technology Parks of pioneer countries accompanied with acquiring the viewpoints of managers and experts of Science and Technology Parks. Then a conceptual model of organizational structure of Science and Technology Parks based on comparative studies and literature review in organizational structure and considering the challenge with current structure of Parks was developed. In the end, by interviewing managers and some of Iran’s Science and Technology Parks experts, the proper structure is presented and necessary suggestions to managers and future researchers are explained.

The goal of conducting researches in Research and Technology Organizations (RTOs) is for technological innovation to create new business opportunities, renovation or revolutionizing existing businesses. To do this, RTOs put the technological ideas in the path of technology development and commercialization. To move in this way successfully, the balanced and consistent "scientific-technical" as well as "commercial movement of technological ideas is required. One of the best patterns to balance the commercial evolution with the "scientific-technical" path, which are seen in successful and leading RTOs around the world is establishing "technological business development center". The mission of business development centers in RTOs is to implement the commercialization requirements in the process of technology development and provide consultancy and technical, economic and commercial assistance, regarding their technological achievements to those currently entering the commercialization phase. These services include the fundamental principles of business development based on their technological achievements of their organization and for their potential and current customers. This article first points out the necessity and importance of the technological business development center in RTOs and then presents the definition and functions of those centers in RTOs. Finally ends with conclusion

Science parks (SPs) are organizations bringing research and industry. Their aim is to promote culture of innovation of their associated businesses and knowledge-based institution. Given the increasing number of SPs that are being set out both in highly industrialized as well as developing countries, the problem of measuring the performance of science parks is becoming paramount both in practiontoners and academicians agenda. The present work is aimed at evaluating Iranian SPs that are members of IASP based on criteria the repercussion of the science park in the territory. Performance criteria that used are networking, convention and collaboration stipulated between science park lab’s and local firms, new products and processes adopted by local firms and developed by the collaboration with the science park, number of firms born by the collaboration with the science park within re-industrializations programmes of abandoned industrial areas, number of workers employed in firms originated from the collaboration with science park and number of environmental improvement carried out in collaboration with science park’s lab. In This study these criteria are localized based on Iranian SPs circumstances. FAHP is applied to determine the relative weights of the evaluation criteria and FTOPSIS is applied to rank the alternatives. Science parks’ rank order of performance in these criteria is as follows: Isfahan STP> Fars STP> Khorasan STP> University of Tehran STP> Arac STP> Persian Gulf STP> Pardis STP> East Azarbaijan STP> Yazd STP> Guilan STP> Kerman STP> Hamedan STP> Kermanshah STP.

In a knowledge-based economy, products and companies live and die on information and the most successful companies are the ones who use their intangible assets better and faster. Organizations are aware that knowledge is their most valuable and strategic resource in the present business environment. Knowledge management and intellectual capital approaches have become critical for universities, mainly due to the fact that universities’ main goals are the production and knowledge dissemination. Managers know they have to manage the process of learning and measure its outcomes and knowledge-based organizational resources, if they want to be competitive. Intellectual capital (IC) is a new approach which helps us face with barriers and problems of higher education system. It is the key successful element for knowledge-based organizations such as universities-. The managers of universities have to identify their IC, measure and manipulate it effectively. However, in the past few years, the problem of quantifying and accounting the value and explaining the components of the organization’s intellectual capital it has been questioned. Thus, this research tries to present indicators to measure structural capital (as one of the main parts of intellectual capital) by reviewing different frameworks in this field. At the end, we identified three Dimensions including Infrastructural Capital, Research and Development Capital, Knowledge Infrastructural Capital, using eight components and 50 indicators to measure these parameters.

Success in organizations is based on knowledge management, both the physical and financial resources. The new realities of business world are knowledge-based companies and organizations applying creativity and innovation. Science parks are important strategy to support knowledge-based firms. After constructing companies it is very important how to manage them. So the organization task is to provide favorable condition for knowledge management. Nowadays the challenge is how managers develop employee's minds in knowledge based organizations. Knowledge management (KM) is the process of capturing, developing, sharing, and effectively using organizational knowledge. It refers to a multi-disciplined approach to achieving organizational objectives by making the best use of knowledge. Institutionalization of knowledge management in science parks lead to improvement of their performance. Knowledge plays an important role in activating employees and organization. Gradually physical and financial capitals are replaced with intellectual capitals. The study suggests science parks managers should use new and suitable knowledge management models to improve their competitive advantage in order to mange knowledge and intellectual capitals to maintain sustainability in area of industry and society.