فصلنامه سالمند
پیاپی 39 (زمستان 1394)

Elder abuse is a social and psychological problem of the community that has a significant impact in reducing mental health of the elderly. It can be considered as one of the factors predisposing to aging depression. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between age and depression in the elderly abused in Kashan¡ Iran¡ in 2014.
Methods & Materials: This descriptive¡ cross-sectional study was conducted on 500 people aged.60 years old in Kashan City¡ Iran¡ in 2014. Subjects were randomly selected from 10 healthcare centers of Kashan. The study instruments were demographic information¡ elder abuse questionnaire in the family (ƒ¿=0.97)¡ and geriatric depression scale (ƒ¿=0.90).
Results of the current study showed that 80% of subjects have experienced at least one type of abuse during the last year. The highest rate of abuse was financial abuse (45.6%)¡ and 79.2% had some sort of depression. Linear regression analysis showed that emotional neglect (P=0.001¡ ƒÀ=0.20)¡ financial neglect (P=0.036¡ ƒÀ=0.117) and ostracizing (P=0.001¡ ƒÀ=0.241) were significantly associated with depression. According to the test¡ a correlation was observed between the elder abuse and depression (r=0.490¡ P=0.001).
The study results indicate the importance and necessity of providing health care services and support for the identification of depressed elderly victims of abuse and prevention to solve this problem and improve their situation.

This study was performed to evaluate convergent validity¡ test-retest reliability and internal consistency of the Persian translation of the Fullerton advanced balance (FAB) for use in Iranian community- dwelling older adults and improve the quality of their functional balance assessment.
Methods & Materials: The original scale was translated with forward-backward protocol. In the next step¡ using convenience sampling and inclusion criteria¡ 88 functionally independent older adults were selected to participate in the study. Their mean (SD) age was 67.15(5.79) years. The Persian version of the scale was administered to each participant twice with an interval of 2-4 days by the same examiner (occupational therapist). Convergent validity was assessed by correlating the scale with Berg balance scale¡ timed up and go test¡ and functional reach test.
The test-retest reliability of individual items indicated good to excellent reliability (Cohen’s Kappa= 0.63–1). Intraclass correlation coefficient was excellent (ICC=0.98)¡ standard error of measurement was good (SEM=0.17)¡ and minimal detectable change was 0.46. Construct validity showed moderate to good correlation between the Persian version of FAB and Berg balance scale (r=0.65)¡ functional reach (r=0.62)¡ and timed up and go test (r=-0.77). Internal consistency was acceptable (Cronbach á= 0.83- 0.84) for both phases.
The Persian version of the FAB Scale is an acceptable and excellent psychometric instrument in assessing the multiple dimensions of balance in Iranian community-dwelling older adults.

This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between coping strategies and religiosity with life satisfaction of geriatrics living in nursing homes of Ahvaz city. This was an Epidemiological Analytical study which was conducted on 100 elderly people (64 male and 36 female) living in nursing homes in Ahvaz city. Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, Allport-Ross Religious Orientation Scale and The Satisfacation With Life Scale which have good Reliability and Validity were used for data collection. The inclusion criteria for this study included understanding Persian language, having no dementia, willingness to participate in the study, and having at least 60 years of age or above. The exclusion criteria were having physical or psychiatry disorders which cause severe depression or anxiety in elderly people, having dementia and not understanding Persian languages. For Statistical Analyses ANOVA, Multivariate Regression and Pearson correlation coefficient were used. The results of this study showed that there is a significant relation between coping strategies and religiosity with life satisfaction of geriatrics living in nursing homes (P≤0.05) Coping strategies and religiosity significantly effects life satisfaction of geriatrics. Findings of this study could help the nursing homes managers to help elderly people for successful aging by providing religious doctrine and guiding them to choose more efficient solutions to comply with stressors and problems associated with aging.

Elderly is a sensitive period and quality of life in elderly is of great importance that should not be ignored. The purpose of this study was to compare three groups of active, passive and ecotourist on public health and happiness on elderly of Ilam. By multi-stage sampling method, 514 participants over 60 years old and cognitively intact(152 active, 229 passive and 133 ecotourist) were selected to participate in the study. The data-gathering tool consisted of a 2-part questionnaire: short form of public health(GHQ28) and Oxford Happiness(OHI) used to measure public health and happiness. Analyzing was based on ANVAs, and tucky H.S.D tests. Findings showed that there was significant difference between three groups in public health, and significant difference only between ecotourist and others in happiness. Regarding the results, the status of public health and happiness in ecotourist elderly was better than active and non active ones. Discussion and The result of this study showed that doing exercise and recreational activities including hiking, walking, mountaineering with friends or family members is one of the best activities for elderly people resulting in the improvement and reinforcement of public health and happiness.

Elderly people are the most vulnerable group of the society and elder abuse phenomenon is one of the most considerable challenges in the field of protecting and caring the elders. The present study was conducted in order to determine domestic elder abuse in rural area of Dezful City, Iran, and its relation with their quality of life in 2013.
Methods & Materials: The present study is a correlational cross-sectional study. By cluster random sampling method, 210 elders, aged ≥60 years and resident of Dezful City, were selected to participate in the study. Those elders, who had no cognitive disorder based on Persian version of short test of cognitive status, were entered into the study after obtaining their consent. Afterwards, the questionnaire of family elder abuse; Persian version of SF-36 questionnaire for measuring life quality from health perspective; and also questionnaire of demographic and personal information were fulfilled for them. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Chi-square, and t-tests.
Results of the present study indicated that 60.5% of studied sample experienced at least one type of abuse. Maximum prevalence of abuse was related to emotional negligence (38.6%) and minimum level to care negligence (7.3%). At the present study, group of elders without experience of abuse had significantly better life quality than others in all 8 aspects of life quality, except for 2 aspects of physical performance and general health (P In spite of high emphasis on respecting elders in our culture, the elders experience different types of abuse. Hence, specific consideration and inducing sensitivity in relevant organizations and individuals is required to prevent the long-term consequences and effects of this issue.

The adult age is a process which causes some changes in physical T psychological and social aspects. These changes result in decrease in the quality of life and making dependency. The adult age is an important part of the human society and the established change changes are influential on the elderly life style, his associates and the whole society. According to the importance of the topic and as little study has been done in this field, the purpose of the study is to consider the physical activity and balance controlling in elderly. Methods & Materials: This study has been done as sectional descriptive- analytic using data obtained from the health condition analyzing plan of the elderly of Amir kola in 90 – 91. The degree of the physical activity was measured using standard questionnaire of the physical activity, PASE, the degree of inability in performing the activities was measured by and the amount of balance controlling was measured by leaf balance test. Then, the information was analyzed using chi-square and t-test in SPSS.The degree of P, less than 0.05 was considered meaningful. 1614 elderly were analyzed in this study that of these numbers. 883 persons were males and 733 persons were females. The average age of men was 69.96 7.68 and the average age of the women was 62.66 ±102. Besides, the relation the degree of physical activity and balance control in under studying people was statistically significant and direct (p=0/000). the results of this study indicate the existence of significant relation between performance inability and physical activity and balance control in elderly. The result of this study demonstrated that it is possible to improve the balance controlling in elderly by planning to increase the physical activity.

lifestyle and quality of life are closely associated Prevalence of hypertension and if not controlled, can cause disability and reduced quality of life. Methods & Materials: This study a quasi-experimental of the clinical trial. Participants are elderly patients with hypertension in Bushehr and that are easy selected and randomly divided into two case and control groups. Intervention in 5 steps was based on the empowerment model (expectations of level of performance by the client, optimal goal setting by the client, planning, reform the structure and evaluation). Then, using demographic data and SF36 questionnaires collected were analyzed in the significance level of 0/05 by using SPSS 18 software. By the using of empowering program for elders (interference) the QOL level of case group improved in different dimensions QOL (P<0.05). Whereas in the same period in the other group which there was not any interference of empowering (control group) didn’t find any defined change in their QOL (>P0.05). Difference between the total score of QOL before and after the experimental group compared to the control group showed a significant difference in the score (P<0.05). The findings suggest that the use of self-management empowerment model, is effective on QOL in elderly patients with hypertension. Therefore, empowerment programs for the elderly with chronic diseases can be prevented from many of their problems and take steps to improve their QOL.

Purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship and effects of family power structure¡ marital conflicts¡ and their components on mental health in male retirees of education in Alborz Province.
Methods & Materials: In this research¡ a total of 341 male retirees of Alborz’s education department were selected by available sampling method. Research tools included general health questionnaire (GHQ_28)¡ power structure in family and marital conflicts. The obtained information was separately analyzed by Cranach α Coefficient¡ Pearson correlation coefficient and Stepwise regression.
This research showed that there were significant negative correlations between family power structure (r=-0.527¡ P=0.000)¡ scope and power of the family (r=-0.437¡ P=0.000)¡ the power of family (r=0.484¡ P=0.000)¡ mode power couple (r=-0.414¡ P=0.000)¡ alliances and coalitions (r=-0.411¡ P=0.000)¡ and leadership (r=-0.479¡ P=0.000) with mental health. There were significant positive correlations between marital conflicts (r=0.56¡ P=0.000)¡ increase in child support (r=0.46¡ P=0.000)¡ and increase relationship with relatives (r=0.435¡ P=0.000)¡ decrease relationships with the wife’s relative (r=0.432¡ P=0.000)¡ separating financial matters (r=0.448¡ P=0.000)¡ reduction of working between couples (r=0.432¡ P=0.000)¡ increased emotional reactions (r=0.564¡ P=0.000)¡ decreased sex (r=0.372¡ P=0.000)¡ and reduction in effective communication (r=0.506¡ P=0.000) with mental health. Increased emotional reactions (P=0.000)¡ the power of family (P=0.000)¡ scope and power of the family (P=0.000)¡ decreaed sex (P=0.008)¡ reduction in effective communication (P=0.000)¡ alliances and coalitions (P=0.014) and reduce in relationship with the wife’s relatives (P=0.022) can predict mental health of retirees.
The results of the research indicate that power structure of family and marital conflicts can affect mental health of male retirees. And more unequal power structure of family and more marital conflicts can lead to decrease in mental health of male retirees.

Given the vulnerability of a lot of old people due to various physical¡ psychological¡ social¡ and family problems¡ we aimed to develop a theory in the field of aging based on systematic data collection.
Methods & Materials: The current study is a type of qualitative research tradition method called information Grounded theory. The study sample consisted of 20 old age adults (10 women¡ 10 men)¡ who were selected through purposive sampling. The statistical population comprised all old people in public places such as community parks¡ entertainment venues¡ offices¡ waiting rooms¡ and hospitals. After semi-structured interviews with 20 old people in the city of Tabriz and reviewing their opinions about their family members¡ a set of initial themes were collected and then some categories were extracted from them. Afterwards¡ during the core coding stage¡ the connection between these categories were determined in the frame of a paradigm with the following topics: causal conditions¡ phenomenon oriented¡ strategic issues¡ environmental conditions¡ intermediate category¡ and outcome categories. Next¡ in the stage of selective coding¡ the components of coding paradigm were described¡ the aging process was drawn and a theory awas developed.
Base on the study results¡ 6 main components and 39 subcomponents were extracted for aging and were presented in a theoretical model based on Grounded theory.
Our findings¡ besides pointing to the mental health needs and emotional/family issues of the elderly¡ have emphasized the identification and conceptualizing of the different variables affecting old people lives based on Grounded theory.

Increasing the prevalence of elder abuse has become a health issue in developing countries¡ including Iran. The purpose of this investigation was the study of the effect of social work intervention with a cognitive behavioral approach on the reduction of the elderly abuse experimentation.
Methods & Materials: Twenty-nine elders participated in this study in the intervention (n=14) and control (n=15) groups. In a randomized clinical trial¡ elder persons and their families who met inclusion criteria were recruited from August 2014 to January 2015. They were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. Intervention group received a 5-session family based cognitive-behavioral social work (FBCBSW) intervention. The domestic elder abuse questionnaire was administered to evaluate the elder abuse at baseline¡ immediate post-intervention¡ and at 30 day post-intervention.Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Wilcoxon test were used for data analysis.
All participants reported at least one type of abuse and almost 75.9% of them reported that their children were main abusers. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that FBCBSW was successful in reducing elder abuse (total score). Wilcoxon test illustrated significant reduction in subscales of neglect care (P=0.01)¡ psychological abuse (P=0.003)¡ financial abuse (P=0.01)¡ loss of personal autonomy (P=0.005)¡ and financial neglect (P=0.02) in the intervention group while the intervention was not effective to reduce physical abuse (P=0.31).
The result of this study showed that FBCBSW is an effective intervention to decrease elder abuse. For future studies¡ implementing the same clinical trial with bigger sample size and 3 and 6 months follow up is recommended.

Our community which now is walking into the graying of population era, could be exposed to various health care difficulties arising from the extended needs of elderly people. Existing evidence in developed countries has shown that a major cause of mortality is unhealthy life styles which may rise with aging. Due to the priority of prevention and risk factors control, designing a native promoting life style model for Iranian elderly seems an inevitable endevour. So, this research conducted with clarifying the concept, structure, and process nature of life style in Iranian elderly population by qualitative method. To achieving this aims a qualitative research method according to grounded theory was performed. We attempt to explore the concept, structure, and process nature and process of taking of life style in elderly population, by purposeful sampling at first and then continued by theoretical sampling sampling until data saturation. Unstructured interview was used for data collection. Participants of this study were elderly people (living with their families). 29 in depth individual interviews with 23 male and female participants were done. Collected data were transcript immediately and analysis using Strauss and Corbin approach 1998 was implemented. The following eight axial categories were emerged from the data analysis: aging restrictions, daily living behaviors, socio-familial structure, self-management, health deficits, insufficient efficacy, insufficient readiness and sprituality. Category of daily living behaviors was considered as phenomenon, self-management as action/reaction strategy, and health deficits as the consequence of these strategies. The category of spirituality, insufficient efficacy and insufficient readiness were the intervening conditions that affect the process nature of daily living behaviors promotion. Also self-management was found as the central category in this research. According to the consequences of the strategies adopted, it could be argued that older people are not healthy life style and their health has deficient. Based on the results of current grounded theory qualitative study, modification of unhealthy life style related behaviors seems essential.

Healthy lifestyle, as a social determinant of health, is an important source of health promotion especially among older adults. Given the association of lifestyle to the social context, explaining and knowing the concept of healthy lifestyle may have a great impact on making the health promotion interventions more appropriate. The aim of this study was to describe the healthy lifestyle as older adults perceive it. Method & materials: A qualitative content analysis approach was used in this study. A purposeful sample of 16 community dwelling older adults aged 60 years or more were interviewed. Peer check, member check and prolonged engagement were considered for trustworthiness. The healthy lifestyle composed of 2 main personal and social health related behavioral categories and included 12 subcategories of: doing healthy habits, having social roles, maintaining inter- personal relationships, having good quality sleep, stress control, prevention of health deterioration, doing daily living activities, observance on healthy food, passing good leisure time, having purpose in life and being mentally active. Behaviors related to healthy lifestyle in Iranian older adults are influenced by Islamic- Iranian culture and can be divided in two major groups: personal and social.

The purpose of this study was examine the effect of exercising in and out of the water on balance level and falling risk of healthy male older people. In this regard, 45 old men who were older than 65 years were selected randomly and divided into 3 groups including: exercising into the water, exercising out of water and controlling. Each group included 15 people. Two groups of exercising in to the water and out of the water participated in the similar exercises into the water and on the land during 12 weeks. The mentioned groups participated 3 sessions per week and each session lasting 60 minutes. The changes which occurred in the balance and failing risk of participants measured after and before of the exercise by the star, sharpand and Romberg tests and risk questionnaire which includes 13 questions. The normality of the Data distribution measured by the Kolmogorov Smirnov normality test and the equality of variances measured by the Levin test. So, One-way analysis of variance and the analysis of variance mixed with the factors within the group were used in the Statistical Analysis. Data analyzed by the spss software (version 20) and a≥ /05 was considered. The findings of the study showed that exercise programs in and out of the water have significant effect on the balance of static and dynamic and the falling risk of older people(P≤0/05). The results indicated significant differences between the Posttest data and the subjects of exercise and control groups (P≤0/05). On the other hand, the results did not show the significant differences between two groups of exercising in to the water and out of the water (P≥0/05). According to this study, using the exercises in and out of the water did not have effective factor on the improving of static and dynamic balance and falling risk of old people.

Fear of falling may restrict activities that can increase risk of falls. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of fall and fear of falling and their relationship. This descriptive cross sectional study was performed on 160 institutionalized old people (130 females, 30 males) with aged 65 and older that enrolled by all number of sampling. after receiving informed consent. Data were collected by demographic and illness form, fall frequency form and FSE questionnaire. Descriptive statistics for data classification and inferential statistics including one-way ANOVA, t-test and Pearson correlation were used for data analys. Validity and reliability of FSE questionnaire was confirmed after analyzing (Cronbach's alpha = 95%).It should be noted that the level of significance in this study is considered 0/05. Among 160 subjects, the majority of the elderly were women (81/2%) and with mean (SD) of age 67/63 ± 9/07 years. mean and SD of fall was 2.6 ± 0.85. 46/9% of the elderly have fallen three times in the past six months, while the majority of the elderly (76/2%), have moderate fear of falling. there was significant difference Between sex and using of drugs with the number of falls (p< 0.001). Between fear of falling and sex (p< 0.05) and residence time(p= 0.02) significant difference was seen. Pearson correlation showed a significant relationship between the number of falls and fear of falling With confidence of 99 percent. (p< 0.001). Due to the prevalence of falls and fear of falling in elderly and direct relationship with each other plan should be done for prevention and control them to improve the welfare of elderly life.

Aging and its subsequent issues must be considered as the main challenges of the future. Studies on abuse of the elderly are very limited. This study which was conducted in 2013 and aimed to determine the prevalence and types of domestic abuse in the elderly referred to health care centers in Gorgan and Aq-Qala cities¡ Gorgan Province¡ Iran.
Methods & Materials: In this cross-sectional analytical study¡ through a random sampling¡ 465 elders aged 65 or older (125 men and 254 women)¡ residing in the health care centers in Gorgan and Aq-Qala¡ were enrolled. A face-to-face interview was carried out with all participants at the health care centers. First¡ their cognitive states were evaluated using the Iranian version of abbreviated mental test score and if they obtained the score of 6 or higher they would be entered in the study¡ after taking their informed consents. Then¡ the domestic elder abuse questionnaire for elderly people and a questionnaire designed by the authors for collecting demographic and personal data was administered. Descriptive (percentage¡ frequency¡ mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (The Chi-square¡ t-test) were performed using SPSS (version 16).
The total frequency of elder abuse was 63.3%. The highest frequencies were related to care neglect (59.8%) and psychological abuse (53.3%) and the lowest ones belonged to physical abuse (8 %) and abandonment (8.2%). Some factors¡ including sex (P Because of the high level of elder abuse by family¡ providing awareness programs for seniors¡ caregivers and health care providers seems to be essential to prevent and reduce the neglect and abuse of older people.

Approaching the old age and living in care homes may lead to decrease in the life satifaction of the elderly people. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of group forgiveness intervention on life satisfaction of the elderly people living in care homes.
Methods & Materials: The research method of the study is interventional¡ quasi-experimental. A total of 55 participants from 4 elderly care homes in Tehran¡ Iran were selected by random cluster sampling method and randomly divided into 2 groups of experimental and control. They completed questionnaire of life satisfaction and 8 sessions of group forgiveness intervention were held for the experimental group and control group received conventional treatment interventions. Finally¡ their life satisfaction was assessed in both groups again. The instruments for data collection were demographic information form and life satisfaction inventory-Z (LSI-Z) (1969) and the obtained data were analyzed by SPSS ver. 16.
There was no significant differences between 2 groups with regard to life satisfaction before the intervention. But the results of independent t test revealed that life satisfaction in the experimental group has increased compared to that in the control group and this difference is significant (P Participating in forgiveness group sessions has impact upon the life satisfaction of the old people living in care centers and implementing a protocol to increase the forgiveness can help promote the quality of life of old people living in care homes.

So far¡ The Persian Aphasia Battery (PAB) has been widely used by clinicians as the first clinical linguistic test to assess and rehabilitate aphasia and language impairments among adult Iranian brain damaged aphasic patients (Fluent / Non-Fluent). The first version was provided based on linguistic and cultural adaptations on healthy Persian speaking adults and has been used by clinicians for more than 20 years. The purpose of this study was to report on the validity and reliability of PAB¡ based on the results obtained from aphasic patients.
Methods & Materials: In this research we report on data obtained from 57 Persian speaking brain damaged patients with the age range of 19 to 83 years who were recruited from clinics in Tehran¡ Mashhad¡ Karaj¡ Yazd¡ Isfahan¡ and Shiraz cities¡ Iran during 2006 to 2011 through purposeful sampling system. The clinical language profiles of the patients were checked by an experienced speech language pathologist (SLP) for diagnosis. The internal consistency of the Battery¡ the subtests and items in each subtest were assessed based on the Cronbach α index. The internal consistency of the structure of the Battery was based on the correlation between its subtests and each language skill.
The overall measure of internal consistency of the Battery was 0.93 and the internal consistency of major language skills was significant (r=0.3-0.76¡ P Based on the obtained validity and reliability measures¡ the Battery has high internal consistency and clinical utility and can be used for differential diagnosis and measuring severity of aphasia in clinical linguistic studies among adult Persian speaking brain damaged patients.

Elderly population is dramatically increasing across the world and Iran is not an exception¡ as well. As the most leading causes of death in the age group of over 50 years can be prevented through lifestyle change¡ healthy lifestyle seems to be beneficial for this time. Therefore¡ this study aimed to investigate the lifestyle of the elderly who reside in nursing homes.
Methods & Materials: This cross-sectional study was descriptive and analytical. Study population comprised 350 elderly people residing in a nursing home¡ in Isfahan¡ Iran. Data were collected through standard questionnaire¡ including demographic characteristics and lifestyle aspects. After completing questionnaires¡ the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS (ver. 20) through descriptive statistics¡ Pearson correlation¡ Spearman test¡ and Independent t test.
The results showed that the total mean score of lifestyle was 49.81±8.71. The Pearson correlation coefficient indicated a significant statistical relationship between total mean score of lifestyle with education (r=0.171¡ P Regarding the study results¡ it is suggested that health policymakers make appropriate plans to promote elderly lifestyle in nursing homes. With regard to seclusion and loneliness of old people¡ using strategies to alleviate stress and depression and also prevention of its physical and mental effects¡ seems to be absolutely needed. It can be a step toward promotion of health status of this vulnerable group.

Self perception of ageing has been implicated as an independent predictor of functional disability and mortality in older adults. This study aimed to investigate the perception of aging in the literature and studies and reach a thoroughgoing of this concept. In this study, A comprehensive search of electronic data bases of, PROQUEST, web of Science, CINAHL,SCOPUS, PUBMED, SCIENCE DIRECT, ISC, IRANDOC, MAGIRAN, Iran medex was conducted the keywords " Aging Perception, Meaning of Aging in older adult, Experience of aging "with no limitation of years. Self-perception of aging refer to how older people feel about themselves a socio-cultural context, It can be comprise all aspects of the awareness, perception, experience, evaluation, interpretation, and identification with own aging process a part of the aging self. Factors whitch can affected the perception of aging are two folds: personal factors(attitudes, subjective age, health status, economic status, material status, religion, knowledge in the field of aging, aging satisfaction, the belief in internal control to external. And social factors are(age discrimination, modernity, social and family relationships).As well as measurement and accurate perception of aging could be a good indicator to predict future health of older adults, and criteria for determining a person’s satisfaction with life changes from aging and the match in this stage. This review revealed that the context-based concept of perception of aging could be a good predictor for health status of older adult, it can play a criteria role in satisfaction toward changes related to aging process,hence more investigation is recommended.

An important section of health status assessment of older adults is measurement of perceived social support. Choosing a sound scale with good psychometrics properties is a prerequisite for proper assessment. The aim of this review article is to analyze the psychometric properties of perceived social support scales to help researchers to become more familiar with positive and negative aspects of these instruments and select a more valid and appropriate one. Method & Materials: A comprehensive search of databases of Medline, google scholar, and scopus was conducted, using the related keywords to development and psychometrics of perceived social support scales, and the articles published until 2014 were gathered. Psychometric properties including validity, reliability, responsiveness, and interpretability of the selected scales were assessed using the Cosmin comprehensive checklist Most of the scales had not been reported a complete and desirable psychometrics properties. Despite of developing for adult populations, some of them, didn’t have capability for using in older adults (length of scale, length of questions, special questions) The results revealed that despite of the lack of appropriate scale for measurement of perceived social support, the MOS is the only scale which can be recommended to gerontologists until now. But there is a vital need for developing an instrument based on cultural and social characteristics of different societies with acceptable psychometrics properties for measuring perceived social support in older adults.