نشریه تاریخ اسلام در آینه پژوهش
سال پنجم شماره 3 (پیاپی 19، پاییز 1387)

Research into the Impeccable’s way of life is necessary to introduce them as role models of truth to the society. The way of life of these great persons can be studied from individual, social, political and cultural aspects. One of the focal points in the Impeccables’ way of life is their military conduct which is of different dimensions. One of its dimensions is legality and respect for law. In this paper, the Prophet’s and Imam Ali’s military conduct in regard with acting according to law has been studied. It refers, on one hand, to the nature of the relations and interactions of the combatants with people and states, and, on the other hand, to what should be done to the enemy in the battlefield, and to the war captives after the end of the war, and to the enemy during a truce.

Although a long time has passed since the advent of Islam, we still Witness disagreements among Islamic sects. These disagreements – mostly between Shia and Sunni – should be traced back to the period after the Prophet’s death. According to Shi'i doctrine, some Companions did not follow the Holy Prophet’s will regarding Imam Ali. flowever, some of the adherents of the Prophet’s Household' including Ibn Abbas' defended Imam Ali. The present paper is seeking to explain and analyze Ibn Abbass’ positions - in different times – against others to whom he would debate. The results of such debates show his shi'i belief in the Prophet’s Household in the first half of the 1st century. This paper is presented in two parts; the first part is presented in this issue, and the second part in the next issue.

The Bost city in the east of Sisitan, conquered at the early years of Uthman’s caliphate, was a scene of struggles between caliphate and the local non-Muslim governments. Consequently, the Kharijites, rioters, and the groups opposing to the Umavid caliphate came to power. To explore the challenges facing the Umavid caliphate in that region necessitates – besides investigating the sources and analyzing various trends influential in this territory of the Islamic world – considering conditions such as its location in a geographically distant area, being a frontier region, and being a place where various political and religious groups and races lived;

The social history of Shiism implies a new look at the historical precedent of Shias in which the situation of social relations as well as the elements of social life of Shias are discussed.
On the other hand, studying the social history of Shias on the basis of the principles and rules of social history – which concerns itself with the hidden layers of the society and leads to the discovery of the realities and secrets in the traditional history – seems necessary. In this way, some realities of the Shi'i life are restated, which have never been the focus of attention in traditional view of history. The present paper studies – in view of some elements and factors influencing the social history – the social history of shi'as and tries, through providing evidences, to show the readers what had been shi'as’ conditions as far as their livelihood, behaviors, customs, etc. are concerned

Bāvandīyya was an ancient dynasty in Mazandaran that ruled this region in three periods after the advent of Islam. The second period of their ruling (late 5th century and the whole 6th century) concided well as the features of his method in utilizing the sources. This paper mentions some items from these early sources and their features as well as Sheikh Mufid’s historical accounts, especially in his two books entitled al-Irshad and al-Jumal and their comparison with similar accounts in other sources. Besides, some of Sheikh Mufid’s sources dedicated to oral and non-written accounts are briefly reviewed.

The use of the epithet “Amir al-Mu'menin” in caliphate salutation, among its variegated usages, is a special usage dealt with in the present study. In this study, an analytical method has been used to answer the question of “how the caliphate salutation has been used and what its usage was”.
Throughout the history of Islam, salutation to caliphs with the formula “as-salāmu alayka yā amīr al-mu'menīn” was common. This salutation was actually a proclamation of caliphate, and changing it was an objection to caliphate.
 
these were the factors causing disturbances in social and political conditions of that region, being a major obstacle for the establishment of a power under caliphate there. These disturbances were sometimes so great that they would even endanger the existence of caliphate.