فصلنامه بین المللی ژئوپلیتیک
سال هشتم شماره 3 (پیاپی 27، پاییز 1391)

Events of 11 September 2001 are Turning point in the power relations and geopolitical changes in the Indian subcontinent region, that has been influenced Heavily by the geographical location and new role of India as emerging powers in world politics scene on one hand, and the new political and security strategies of the United States after the above incident, on the other hand. Present study, has been attempted with using descriptive - analytical method not only to study and analyze the causes and context relations of power in the geopolitical region of the Indian subcontinent under the influence of political and security space prevailing on word politics after the event 11 September 2001, but also to provide pattern geopolitical relations between the Indian subcontinent with global actors. Based on these study achievements, power relations in the Indian subcontinent with world order has been influenced heavily by India's relations with the United States. The 11 September 2001 event has caused a deep change the security, politics and international options of U.S.A’s foreign policy so that American foreign policy of deterrence was changed to preventive and preemptive policy. Accordingly Us security strategy sees India as rising power, key ally Pakistan, Afghanistan cited as epicenter of global terrorism. The result of this security strategy, was of high strategic role the Indian subcontinent was of high strategic role as a separate and particular region in world politics after September 11 the United States and other actors in geopolitics of the world system, including Russia, China and Europe, so that relations between countries that are currently as much as important to the region (India and Pakistan) with the actors in the global system, that not easily analyzed without understanding the security and geopolitical developments in the region and the world after September 11. Methods In this study is descriptive-analytic. With due attention to, The Nature of subject studied, for data collection has been used library documents Methods, from documents and events. Accordingly, the library facts and events citations have been considered as a basis to analyze the findings and test specific hypotheses. Results and Disruption : India's relations with the United States and the formation of the strategic triangle of India, U.S.A and Pakistan Given the developments after 11 September 2001, and based on evidences, India's relations with the United States are an important strategic relationship based on common national interests. The special attention of the United States to India may be due to these three major factors: firstly, India as the country's rapid economic development and significantly improving its position in international politics, which in combination with other components of its power, will has enjoyed Indian from the standards of "great power", second, With this situation, India is considered as appropriate options for establishing and balancing of power in Asia, especially in the Pacific and Indian Ocean. Thirdly, India as a major power in South Asia can play as an important role and a participant in against terrorists aims of the United States. People's Republic of China: competing in the region and global allied : The global terrorism as a global common interest plays a role in order to close the two countries. Russia, China and India during the last decades not only faced the threat of terrorism, but also suffered from it. In this way, the three countries are natural geopolitical allies in the struggle against international terrorism. It can be stated that these countries oppose the policy of ’double standards’ evaluating the measures taken against terror acts committed on their territories. Russia: Regional and global partners : Indians and Russians are now taking a more realistic and nuanced look at the relationship.17 Furthermore, Russia today has other immediate concerns, most pressingly the need to re-establish its economy and internal stability. Russia also needs peace on its borders while it rebuilds itself. Many of these factors, and hard cash besides, motivate Russian relations with China, particularly its troubling arms supply relations. Russia hopes to postpone any potential conflict with China until Russia is ready; China’s calculus may be similar. India has much to gain by Russia’s rise, but wishing it will not make it so. Russia will remain a relatively minor power for some time to come, but there are good reasons to not discard Russia nevertheless. Despite the irritation and unhappiness felt by both sides in some recent arms deals, the relationship has sufficiently deep roots to survive. There is a comfort in the relationship that might usefully be preserved for the future; Russia’s weapons laboratories still produce some of the world’s best military equipment, and Moscow is willing to sell them to India. Furthermore, despite its relative weakness, Moscow still has a useful presence in places like the UN Security Council, which is beneficial to India. Russia does worry about India’s increasingly close ties with Washington. But unlike China, Russia has little to fear directly fro this relationship. Nevertheless, India needs to work harder with Russia given Moscow’s importance in India’s strategic calculus. Moving Towards India–EU : India's relations with Europe Union have developed only in the economic. Attitudes on both sides in political affairs and important international issues, have overshadowed them on political and diplomatic relations. ‘Javier Solana’ the EU’s foreign policy chief, does not see India as a priority’. Therefore, he feels that ‘the EU needs to pay more attention to its still under-developed political relationship with India’ (Grant 2008). The Indo–EU dialogue lacks anything substantial on questions of a diplomatic or geo–strategic character’. Similarly, the EU is hardly a factor in India’s foreign policy debates. Power relations in the Indian subcontinent after the events of 11 September 2001 based on common interests with the United States, India, China, Russia and Europe on issues like the global fight against terrorism, India as an emerging great power, India's important role in the economy, India as an important partner in global and American economies, particularly India's geopolitical position in the Indian Ocean and. .. is formed based on interaction and collaboration.

The recent developments in the Middle East can be regarded as the focal point of the change in the balance of the regional power. Any shift in the political power's structure of the regional countries will have strategic consequences for different countries. In other words, shift of power and the political leaders in the Middle East will not only lead to a power vacuum in the region, but can also prepare the grounds for more fundamental changes in the regional security. In this process, countries such as Saudi Arabia and Turkey have decided to affect the balance in the region. They are determined to reduce Iran's role in creating regional security in the Middle East. This is the reason why, on one hand, they intend to change the balance in the regional power against Iran, and on the other, try to affect waves of modernism in formation of regional power. The current article has been prepared using descriptive and analytical method as well as library and electronic sources in order to determine effects of security instability on the balance of power in the Middle East. It has also been done on the basis of the change in the pattern of both regional and international power balance. In this article describe the methods - analytic and rely on the library resources and the Internet is trying to balance the advantage of integration and regionalism approach should be combined with Each other and through this region and its impact on the balance of regional instability be analyzed. The main hypothesis that the article on this topic has emphasized that any political reform in the Middle East and Persian Gulf regional security environment, it affects their. On this basis, countries like Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Israel attempt to change through the confiscation of the Middle East, the regional power balance organize against Iran. The findings of this article can be examined in following of six axes: Emptive activities before the impact of regional instability: In Saudi Arabia on the coordination of UN Security Council, Arab League and the pattern of use with the Persian Gulf Cooperation Council, Saudi Arabia, America and Turkey, In the changes the Middle East shows that the effects of pre-emptive intervention activities in the framework of regional integration is emerging. America and Saudi influence in changing the balance of regional security cooperation: America's regional challenges in the environment can be a major restructuring aimed balanced patterns and policy present situation in the international system. In the years after the collapse of the bipolar structure of the new players and the actors to be effects in international politics was considered. American strategic multilateralism, to the Limitation of Iran's regional power: Obama, along with multilateral strategic outcome seeks to "multilateral regional" also in America's foreign policy behavior will follow. This means that the field for the participation of actors and regional powers, with America and other emerging powers in multilateral institutions is to provide enough power through its non-aligned countries with limited America's global politics. approach in balancing Iran's regional strategy: Iran's approach toward security cooperation with other regional countries in order to consolidation the balance of power is. Set the vision plan as an effective step to improve Iran's strategic cooperation with other countries is considered as the upstream due to the fact. Security challenges against balance of Iran's regional policy: Regional balance policy has always been with the challenges and threats will be also confronting. Signs positions on how best it can be seen competing in the regional environment. Players can have influence on the power equation. The players only if the conditions can be challenging for the competitors who have the support of international or regional coalition. Control mechanisms to waves of passing Regional balance: Behavioral patterns in such countries in order to fulfill the objectives and constraints facing national security and regional interests that can self-organize in the form Interaction-oriented pattern. Findings of this article refer to the point that although epistemological manifestations of the Middle East developments are considered on the basis of the Islamic awakening, those countries that play the role of rivals for Iran, intend to bring changes into the balance of the regional power. This will, in short term, affect geopolitics of the Persian Gulf and the Middle East. The developments have been able to create new challenges and opportunities for Iran's national security.

Globalization has had significant impacts on the world system with manifold effects. Globalization is a powerful process of the new world system and its security, and it represents one of the most influential forces in determining the future regional security, Principally globalization of international system has become as one of the most important and Controversial subject in the theories of international relations. Globalization can be seen a historical long term process that increasingly intensify in new world politics. In this path globalization has different consequences and will change international system especially its construct and internal boundary. in this respect the world has developed in to system of regions. Regions are of course not existence of isolation; rather they are closely interconnected with one another. With growing regionalism one of the most important debates in international relations and regional studies is relationship between globalization of international system and regional security. In other word how globalization's effects on security of world system and regions is an important subject in international relations. But literatures of international relations have ignored that how can we design models of globalization and regional security in the global system? This article proposes three models including geo-economics, geo culture and geopolitics for studying regional security in globalized system. These models are introduced as an analytical framework that highlights the regional security in the global system. This article surveys this question that what models of regional security studies can be designed in situation of emergence of a global system. In this respect Therefore this study investigates the relationship between globalization, regionalism and regional security. This article for designing of these models uses the inductive method. In this article by considering of main question in the first stage a formal model of regional security and world system would be designed. In the second step by considering the effects of globalization especially in areas of geo-economics, geo culture and geostrategic three model of regional security will be designed. By use of inductive method and emphasis on network theory article offers three model of regional security in the new global system. First is geo-economics’ model of regional security. In this model and geo cultural model most important consequences of globalization on regional security area are as flowing: - marginalization of some regions in economic global cycle; - Strategic relations between regions become asymmetric; - Fragile and vulnerable nature of the peripheral regions in its strategic link with the central regions; - Vulnerable nature of peripheral regions in situation of crisis in world system because of linkage between crises; - change of geo-economics sensitivities to geopolitics sensitivities; - external intervention by intrusive power as most important security dilemma of sensitive geopolitics and geo-economics peripheral regions; - collapse of weak states; - occurrence of identity and ethnic crisis in regional network; - internal war in geo culture network; - penetration and Spread of crises to other networks. And in geostrategic model globalization has several consequences. Geostrategic structure is one structure of global system. this structure is production of power rule and its position in internal and external interaction of global system. In other world anarchical law and power centric, other principal relative to this causes forming of geo structure. process of globalization would change global geostrategic network and its construction. In these respective elements of geo strategic model and consequences of globalization on regional security area are as flowing: - strategic interdependence as starting point of model; - participation of all powers including of great, middle and small powers in grand global strategic games; - formation of global strategic cycle along with its elements as flowing: 1- differential actors; 2- globalization of strategic threats; 3- strategic instruments and theirs proliferation; 4- global strategic goals; 5- global strategic targets; 6- intervetionism by global order; 7- regional order and its resistance; 8- intense linkage between dominant order and regional orders.

Although Turkey is one of the first countries recognized Armenia's independence in 1991, but in this two decades, weakness is quitly sensible in mutual relations or in more correctly words is not any directly relations between the two countries. in fact, Due to the effects of this hostile relations that have been strogly affected national policy of the two countries particularly Armenia, Eventually Turkey and Armenia after many yers of conflict and controversy, According to own special strategic aims decided to start a new round of collective cooperation in South Caucasus with normalization of mutual relations. Although So far these efforts have been ineffective and now the normalization process is suspended, but is no doubt that this process and normalization of mutual relations will be with its special geopolitical effects in region that study of them can to demonstrate a outlook of regional and international relations in South Caucasus. Thus, in this paper will be analysed the geopolitical effects of normalization of Turkey and Armenia relations. The actual method applied in this paper is analytical-descriptive as well as statistical. For data collection and indexing, library and internet have been used. Moreover, in analysis of Turkey’s commercial relations with in South Caucasus countries, because of lack of access to new resources, the statistical analysis of paper is based on data from 2003 to 2008 that these statistics are taken from the UN website. In this paper, meantime historical study and analysis of the relations between Turkey-Armenia, normalization process in mutual relations as well as study the important factors influencing the relations between the two countries, the political-economic effects of normalization in Turkish-Armenian relations to be analyzed in terms of geopolitics. This Studies and analysis is showing that despite the very important obstacles of normalization process in Turkey and Armenia relations, According to geopolitical realities of the region, mutual relations can create different opportunities or challenges in this very complicated geopolitics. According to the results of this research, if the national interests of other countries in the region be considered in the normalization process of relations, improving relations with Armenia will be useful for Turkey. In other words, ignoring the interests of other countries in the path of normalization of relations will be with the loss of Turkey mutual interests in its relations with Azerbaijan and Georgia. View of influential powers in the region Also, potential consequences of improved Turkey-Armenia relations is accompanied by its own complexity. With Improving of Turkey-Armenia relations may be seen kind of influence balance among powers are in the region.

The logic of border geopolitics warrants that preservation, safeguarding and protection of borders should be placed in the center of policy-making and strategic policy as a basic value in line with the exercise of national sovereignty, political independence and territorial integrity. This strategic issue would not be possible in the absence of border management and available secure borders wherein all strata of the society and country, especially border dwellers, would feel comfortable. Prevalence of unsafe and anti-secure centers on Iran’s border with its neighbors has created concerns for borer dwellers, the central government and those involved in border issues. Within this context, several measures, preparations, plans and programs were made and implemented in the past on eastern borders which laid the ground for review of effectiveness of such plans on border security. The research method was analytic-descriptive and the required data was collected through field method and by using questionnaires distributed among 200 volunteers and analyzed with SPSS software. The results show that outposts, border markets and border routes, in the order of one to three respectively, are among the most effective and efficient variables on management and control of eastern borders of the country. Meanwhile, an exemplary society emphasized on effectiveness of diplomacy, creation of physical barriers, establishment and development of border regiments and use of technical and electronic equipment.

National security is the essence of independence, territorial integrity and sovereignty. Maintaining of other purposes and also creating and grounds of any immense goal depend on creating and preserving of national security. Thus National security is one of the most important foreign policy goals of each country. The secret of national security is possessing of secure borders. Iranian border with Afghanistan due to the characteristics of poverty, deprivation (especially in neighboring frontier–settlers), instability, promote an atmosphere of chaos and lawlessness, the presence and activities of armed terrorist groups and drug cartels in the region, illegal passage, immigrant citizens, is one of the most Crisis-prone and vulnerable parts of the country. Thus due to the border permeability, security in the region and Khorasan Razavi province of different aspects of reality is threatened. This case has forced Iran to control its borders in the form of large investment on border blockage projects. Given the huge imposed costs of the border blockage project on Iran and lack of scientific research on positive and negative impacts of the project, the present study try to answer to this question that how control of Khorasan border with Afghanistan, affect on the province security and with what ways it can be improved?. In terms of methodology, this study has a correlation nature and characterizes the relationship between two variables of border control and security, which conducted using both documents (Library, receipt imaging, statistics agencies and different organizations) and field study (observation and interviews with authorities and frontier–settlers) methods, and also by use of inferential statistics software package SPSS and GIS, the information is collected and analyzed. One of the main factors influencing security and border provinces, which can also be considered as a reinforcing factor, is the frontier–settlers livelihood issue. Results of the analysis of questionnaires and interviews with public, officials and statistics from national and international agencies, indicate that the border control project represents a significant impact on regional security and mutually livelihoods, so that 87 percent of people and officials in the three border city, believed to the mentioned findings. In the case of border control and the ways in which it is implemented in the region, boundary checkpoint construction with 90 percent is in the first rank, concrete construction with 70 percent is in the second rank, and construction of border markets with 60 percent is in the third rank of border security and improve livelihoods in the region. An important matter is that only the physical buildings and use of electronic devices are not sufficient to security establishment and the development and prosperity factors in the region beside physical control should be noted. Any plan should be implemented based on the mentioned mutual relationship to see increasing security in the region. After analyzing the research findings, the final model of the research was derived and was determined that security creation depends on two factors of border control and frontier–settlers livelihood. On the other hand a direct and mutual relationship exists between border control and frontier–settlers livelihood. Only focusing on one of the mentioned factors in establishing security in the region and the province is in vain. After determining the relationship between border control and frontier–settlers livelihoods, the parameters involving in border control, according to the model, are development model and the Military-Law Enforcement. In development models the border markets can be activated and developed, in Military - Law Enforcement model by two methods of physical blockage of the border with establish of police stations, and construction of concrete walls and electronic blockage in the highlands and mountainous such as Jahanam-dareh region in Torbat-Jam where there is not the possibility of using a physical obstruction, optical equipments, radar and GIS should be used. Therefore the present study suggests that Khorasan Razavi province border with Afghanistan can be controlled using the integrated model. In terms of frontier-settler's livelihoods, by creating jobs (by establishing of border markets) and the subsequent increase income, reduce unemployment, the livelihoods of the region can be improved which ultimately leads to increased security in the region and the studied province.

This essay tries to present geopolitical factors of the bilateral relations of Iran & Afghanistan & theirs challenges & opportunities. In the new era, geopolitics variety is an important factor in understanding of developments. Relations of Iran & Afghanistan are influenced by this variety. New developments in Afghanistan after 2002 have changed geopolitical location of Iran. For this reason, Iran had important role in reconstruction & rebuilding of Afghanistan & required first position in the region & fifth rank in the world. In 2002, Tokyo Conference participants defined a plan for the development of Afghanistan. Iran allocated £ 250 million to Afghanistan in the framework of projects as grants for the reconstruction of Afghanistan. Iran allocated the grants for the local geopolitical & geo-economic factors. Research surveys the questions such as: what are the local geopolitical factors in the bilateral relations of two countries & theirs challenges? Could it possible replace these challenges to common opportunities by geo-economic factors? The main hypothesis is the most important of geopolitical factors consist of boundaries geopolitics, drugs, immigration, ethnics groups, border provinces (valayatha), and connections routs that draw geopolitical & geo-economic logic in the new era. In interaction between common geopolitical challenges & common geo-economic opportunities, have been created common interests. These factors have critical role in Iran's participation in Afghanistan reconstruction. This article presents a model and an approach termed "radical geopolitics". It examines the respective roles of the geopolitical and geo-economic factors that drive the local geopolitical & geo-economic factors in the bilateral relations of Iran & Afghanistan & theirs challenges & opportunities. The second section consists of the geopolitical factors in the relationship of Iran & Afghanistan & their influence in Iran's participation in Afghanistan reconstruction and some Iran's projects have been implemented. Finally, research findings present policies for policy makers. The research has two sections. In the first section, this article presents a model and an approach termed "radical geopolitics". It examines the respective roles of the geopolitical and geo-economic factors that drive the local geopolitical & geo-economic factors in the bilateral relations of Iran & Afghanistan & theirs challenges & opportunities. The second section consists of the geopolitical factors in the relationship of Iran & Afghanistan & their influence in Iran's participation in Afghanistan reconstruction and some Iran's projects have been implemented. Finally, research findings present policies for policy makers. This study by use of "radical geopolitics" & relevant model shows that foreign policy of Iran towards Afghanistan is based on Geopolitical factors. These have caused threats including boundaries, ethnic, opium, hydropolitics & ideologic threats. "Radical geopolitics “by employment of geo-economics and insist on political economy tries to overt the threats to opportunities between Iran & Afghanistan. Implementation of economic projects including Dogharun- Herat project, establishment of boundary customs, Sangan-herat Ralilway, Sentry post in boundaries, monetary & training assistance to Afghanistan army & restarting of North- South Corridor are activities of Iran for elimination of Afghanistan’s threats.