فصلنامه بین المللی ژئوپلیتیک
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 41، بهار 1395)

Coastal zone are considered as a cross point for two different marine and continental ecology. They have distinguishable characteristics and are different from other parts of the Earth. During 16th century and "navigation revolution" these areas transformed to an environment for “new global system”. Since then population has increasingly grown up and economy has been developed (about 3/7 billions of world population live in 100 kilometers around coastal areas).
Using descriptive-analytical method and in the structure-agency model framework, this study intends to find strategic differences concerning to Iranian Coasts.
Findings : Iranian Coastal Zones are mainly dominated by insecure and turbulent conditions (Notably in South of Iran). Large parts of oil and gas based activities and its related economy are gathered in this zone and at the same time we do not see any convenient link between economic importance and Coastal zones and their unfavorable conditions.
The number of differences in the perspectives of all marine coastlines of Iran, in terms of climate, soil, natural contacts such as earthquakes, floods, access to fresh water, the development from the perspective of the quality of the human condition (HDC) and Human Development, GNP citizens and the general roles geo-economical, geo-strategy and geopolitics, is at least 104 cases.

The level and the way of distribution of the geographic and environmental resource on earth do not follow any similar pattern and there are vast inequalities. So, there is on geographic space on the earth which could be solely capable of providing the necessary requirements of its residents. Therefore, all spaces depend on other spaces to meet their needs. The question which arises in this regard is that “geographic spaces how and based on what mechanisms could provide their own needs?” In response to this question an approach called “complementary approach” is proposed. The main goal of the article is explaining and presenting functional and theoretical dimensions of the above approach. Because all geographic spaces possess two sets of environmental components including resources and environmental advantages, and weakness, environmental limitations, they can create cycles of complementary interactions by means of interrelated cooperation in which every geographic space is considered as a complementary factor for other spaces. The main goal of this approach is to change the unconstructive competitions which exist among spaces to the friendly relations. And it is clear that in such a situation symmetrical development, peace, stability and security in geographic spaces are possible. Regarding that the approach has functional and problem-solving nature, so it has the power of theoretical explanation and practical organization and also could be applied on all geographic seals. Also, it is applicable in four political, economic, and cultural and security spheres. This article tried to apply this approach on Southeast region of Iran, and its object is solving the issue of underdevelopment and poverty in this region and determining its internal and external complementary regions.
The research is applied in its nature, and is descriptive- analytic in its method. It should be noted, since the fundamentals and provisions of the article are based on assumptions and reflections of the authors, references which are used are limited. In other words, this article has a theoretical character.
Severe limitations on the geographic resources and growth in consumption in different areas, on the one hand put resources under the pressure and from the other hand is the main cause of conflict, competition and war. Accordingly, the research attempts to solve or reduce the current environmental issues, and to provide the proper solution. Satisfactory solution in this regard is a complementary mechanism and approach. The fundamental hypothesis of the above approach is that irrespective of applied plans and policies of the states, because existing resources on earth are not equally distributed, no geographic space is solely capable of providing its residents needs, therefore it is completely essential for geographic spaces to solve their problems in a vast cooperative framework. This collaboration can be considered in security and other political, economic and cultural spheres and also can be proposed in different national scales. One of the most important issues for policy makers and planners is inequality and lack of balances in development levels among geographic spaces. After Second World War, the mind of many governmental bodies and researchers has been occupied by the issue of development of the deprived regions, and different models and patterns have been presented in this regard. In most offered models and patterns, the development of deprived areas were considered based on spot and singular moods, but in most cases, this model is lacked comprehensive efficiency.
Unlike previous models, the model of this article is the cluster model in which the geographic regions and spaces reach to the level of the symmetrical development within the framework of a series of complementary sites and through multilateral cooperation. In addition, stability and security in relations between places are possible. South East of Iran is investigated in this article based on the complementary approach, and apply of the above approach in this region is proposed with the aim of solving the problem of underdevelopment in the region.
The results show that if complementary approach is implemented based on exact information, inequalities, poverty, the issue of undeveloped areas and also disputations and challenges among geographic regions are reduced. To the extent that struggles, gaps and unconstructive contestation among areas are placed with collaboration and cooperation. This article investigated the issue of poverty and underdevelopment in Southeast of Iran in the framework of complementary approach.
According to the results, the capacity and advantages of the region along with its restriction and environmental limitation were explored, and also its internal and external complementary regions along with corporative und collaborative backgrounds were determined and decrypted. According to authors if all phases of complementary approach and its executive rings are properly implemented, this approach would play a vital and unique role in solving problems emanated from poverty and underdevelopment, in particular in underdeveloped regions. Also it would result in peace, stability and security in geographic environments, and in particular in international relations.

Space political organizing is realized in the frame of administrative divisions. Efficient and optimal division is the important factor in order to increase efficacy of political management system of space throughout the country. Because political management of space is performed through political-administrative divisions, administrative divisions are one of the most important factors to decrease in inequalities and asymmetrical development of all regions and administrative division efficacy is obtained when it provides an appropriate setting to develop and improve all regions, symmetrically.
Research Data gathering procedure is based on library and field finding. In library procedure, using existing references in libraries, formal and valid statistic information are considered. The field study is a questionnaire type. Data analysis will be done using qualitative and quantitative analysis methods, and conclusion will be done using the two methods.
Promotion in the administrative division is among the most critical functions of the administrative division which plays crucial role in transferring responsibilities and decision authority to the administrative political units. Development in the form of political level promotion is realized when the region has the required potentials and capacities for promotion in one hand and promotion of the political levels is based on the regional requirements and also is in line with the decentralization policy. In this research, we have studied the role of the administrative division in the form of promotion in the political level in development of khorrambid and Bavanat counties. The results showed that regarding growth in development indices in social and economic dimensions in the two counties, administrative division has led to development of Bavanat and khorrambid counties. The library findings are also confirmed by the field findings.
Administrative divisions play significant roles in development of different parts of a country through promotion in unit’s political level and in the form of decentralization strategy in various aspects due to instinct potentials. Results of this research showed that even though political level promotion are more in the form of decentralization than in the political and financial forms, but this issue has resulted in positive results and has increased in the counties development. It is important to note that, political level promotion is not the only way of development. The region potentials and capabilities to promotion, and considering the needs of the region are among prerequisites.

The geographical factors play considerable role in tensions between countries. Especially since the tension is placed on geographical factors, classified as geopolitical crises and because of the involvement of the geographical values, these kinds of crises are very persistent and therefore the governments could rarely make give and take in political discussions on these issues. Because in inside of the country and among its nation can easily accused of treason to the national interests and the homeland. During the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries many tensions have taken in the Middle East and North Africa that the origin of most of them directly or indirectly linked to geographical factors, and particularly on borders. The Middle East and North Africa borders are often the outcome of the colonial powers agreements on paper and drawn regardless to the human features of the border areas. Therefore in many cases the borders separate same people in ethnicity, linguistic and religious. These kinds of boundaries known as superimposed boundaries that there are many of them in this region which can be studied and in this regard the present research studying 53 borderlines in length of 31569 kilometers.
The research method is descriptive-analytic and data gathering procedure is based on library and documentation. The data analysis is qualitative and quantitative and the results shown in the form of graphs and tables.
Findings : The study of human features of the Middle East and North Africa borders on ethnicity, linguistic and religious shows that from 53 borderlines, from ethnic point of view, 43 borderlines in length of 29361 kilometers (93% length of borderlines) are mismatch; it means that this borderlines separate same ethnic groups, 6 borderlines (3% length of borderlines) in length of 821 kilometers are match; it means that this borderlines separate diffrent ethnic groups and 4 borderlines (4% length of borderlines) in length of 1387 kilometers are both match and mismatch at the same time, it means that in some parts of borderline we can show mismatch and in the other parts of that borderline we can show match.
From linguistic point of view, 36 borderlines in length of 22133 kilometers (70% length of borderlines) are mismatch, 8 borderlines (7% length of borderlines) in length of 2255 kilometers are match and 9 borderlines (23% length of borderlines) in length of 7181 kilometers are both match and mismatch at the same time, it means that in some parts of borderline we can show mismatch and in the other parts of that borderline we can show match.
From religious point of view, 40 borderlines in length of 24141 kilometers (76% length of borderlines) are mismatch, 6 borderlines (5% length of borderlines) in length of 1470 kilometers are match and 7borderlines (19% length of borderlines) in length of 5958 kilometers are both match and mismatch at the same time, it means that in some parts of borderline we can show mismatch and in the other parts of that borderline we can show match.
The results of the study of 53 borderlines in the Middle East and North Africa shows that most of borderlines in the region are superimposed boundaries that drawn by colonial powers on papers without paying attention to human features in the ground. Therefore there is little match between borderlines and human characteristics in terms of ethnic, linguistic and religious. This situation is the roots of many persistent and durable tensions in the region.

The concept of space is one of controversial subjects in various sciences including geography, urban planning and designing. In order to explain and clarify space different concepts and approaches have been formed during recent decades that discussion around power element (politics) is the significant one. In the following, critical debates such as political economy of space have been introduced analyzing the field by space generalization of radical approach of political economy (criticism of capitalism relations in the field of space). Consequently, in order to apply the political economy of space approach with countries which have oil-based economy, space elements derived from capitalist system such as speculations in production of space and as a result, urban segregations have been studied in Tehran metropolis.
The main question of the research is that “how spatial evolution of Tehran is affected by liberalism relations caused by oil-based economy? The research is intended to investigate spatial evolutions of metropolises of countries relied on oil economics under capitalist system relations. So, the descriptive-analytic method will be used.
The case study is Tehran metropolis and data are derived from library and secondary data resources; analysis tools are regression tests and trend lines analysis. Results represent that indexes including “number of empty residential units out of whole residential units of regions”, “construction infractions”, “building permits issued for higher than 500 square meters” and “construction density” with confidence level of 99%, 98%, 99.8% and 99.5% respectively, have an extensible relation with land price factor which confirms the existence of speculation and rent-seeking trends in construction activities. On the other hand, angle coefficient of 2195 and 1133.8 for changes in prices of residential lands in north and south regions respectively during last three decades also proves segregation between north and south of Tehran.

Capital cities in developing countries are suffering from many problems. Capitals play a vital role in the life and soul of a nation. At first glance, the capitals play the role of central source of political and economic power as well as the place which government located. Because in many countries, the capital is the largest city in the country, however, the most important thing is that in capital cities, it is often tried to reflect unique features and aspirations of the government and therefore play an important role in legitimizing the government. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of transferring some functions of Tehran city in organizing the capital.
The research method is descriptive-analytic and data gathering procedure is based on library and field findings. Statistical sample are economic and social experts. Indices examined are 10 components of economic performance, political and administrative functions and educational and scientific activities in the form of 36 items. Also, for the relationship among the variables, inferential statistics tests such as correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regressions are used.
The results show that transfer of science education and university centers, industrial center, population and tourism center, with the 0.827, 0.769, 0.743 and 0.741 have the greatest impact on the regulation of capital, respectively. Also, based on the stepwise correlation coefficients, transfer of scientific and educational functions with 0.902 in the first step has the greatest impact on the organization of the social, economic, political-administrative and cultural components of the capital so that the transfer of scientific-educational center including academic, scientific and research centers and libraries centers alone account for 63% of the variance in capital regulation. As a result, the relationship between the transfer of these functions of capital and capital regulation is significant at the 99% level. In other words, for every one unit increase in the transfer of scientific and educational functions in capital regulation, 0.864 units of transfer are achieved.
transfer of some capital’s functions to other cities have many direct and indirect effects on the regulation of Tehran so that in one hand, the transfer of these functions will reduce population, traffic, capital centralization, etc. in Tehran and from the other hand, the contexts for increasing their attractions and the development of the other cities will be provided with investment in the necessary infrastructure to transfer these functions to other cities. It can be said the transfer of capital’s scientific-educational functions is closely related to the reorganization of Tehran, so that simultaneously with the transfer of these functions, careful planning should be done on the strict controls on immigration to Tehran, increase in the investment in infrastructure of other cities, increase in educational opportunities.

Interodaction: Iran and Turkey have been in Competition for regional hegemony for a long time in the result of their geopolitical situattion. The history of Iran-Turkey Competition goes back to the ottoman-safavi governments. The new round of Iran-Turkey is started after the end of cold war in the central Asia and Middle East regions. The Arab world upheavals intensified Iran-Turkey competition and lead them toward a kind of regional balance of power.
Using the descriptive-analytical and statistical method, and also a realistic approach we are going to assess the effects of Arab world upheavals on Iran-Turkey regional competition.
Findings : Our findings are the following:1. Iran and Turkey national interest are at odds and considered as regional rival in the result of their geoplitical status.
2. The new round of Iran-Turkey competition is started after the end of cold war.
3. Iran and Turkey are trying to become the regional hegemon country.
4. The Arab world upheavals intensified Iran-Turkey competition.
5. After the Arab world upheavals, the regional status of Iran is enhanced more than Turkey.
After the Arab world upheavals in perticular during the Syria and iraq crisis, Iran-Turkey regional competition intensified and they moved toward a kind of regional balance of power that affected the regional alliance or constellations. Turkey failure in achiving to its regional objectives decreased Turkey regional status and enhanced Iran position in the region. In fact, in the Middle East, infra region powers have the dominant status and play more important role in compare with regional powers.
Turkey regional policy adopted by justise and development party(AKP) after the arab world upheavals in syria and iraq had negative consequences for turkey regional status and enhanced iran regional position. Turkey failure in the Syria and Iraq showed that turkey didn’t have enough power to reach to its regional goals.

Interodaction: The uprising in the Arab countries, what is called Arab Spring, in 2011 is considered as one of most important political phenomenon in the Middle East during the last century. In fact, some expertise believes that the revolutionary evaluation in Arab countries such as Egypt, Libya, Yemen and Tunisia has changed the old political order and as a result a new order is under constructing. In spite of the fact that Saudi Arabia has a monarch political system, it could interestingly preserve its political stability during uprising. Understanding the reason and instrument which were used by the Kingdom, what that is considered to be analyzed here, would be of high account for political students and even political elites.
With a descriptive-analytical method we would use second hand sources such as books, articles, bulletins and reports which are in English, Persian and Arabic in order to analyze the details of the research program.
Findings : The findings of the research are discussed under the following themes:The analysis of the Saudi Arabia political structure in order to understanding the political process in the country.
Saudi Arabia has a monarch political structure in which Ale- Saud has been always the omnipotent class. The political structure of the Kingdom is a combination of the Al-Saud and Ale-Shaykh; however, it is the Ale-Saud that has the upper hand and it is the king that would assign the religious official in the country. So, these two pills of power cooperate together so that preserves their power in the country.
The history of the authoritarianism in the Kingdom.
Saudi Arabia officials have a long history of suppressing dissents. In fact, they do not tolerate any opposition in the country. But the new round of opposition and suppression by the government has started since the 1990 when government and its security forces crack downed demonstrations in the country’s universities. This pattern has been continued even at the beginning of the new century when the broaden objection with the political situation by what so called Sahwa Movement has accorded in the 2003-4.
The Saudi government and the Arab Spring.
What is called Arab Spring was against the Kingdom interest; hence, King Abdullah condemned the revolutionary movement in the neighboring countries. Besides, at the time when some eastern cities of Saudi Arabia have been destabilized and some political activist tried to use the situation and asked the government to reform the political structure in order to have some kind of constitutionalism, Saudi official used their power instruments so as to deal with the concerning situation they were face with. Firstly, government approved a bill by which a 110 $ package was considered to improve the social welfare in the country. Secondly, religious officials used their social influences so as to support the King and the political structure of the country. They announced the movement and protestation as a movement against god and Holly Quran. The last but not the least, security forces take to the streets and suppressed any protestation in the eastern areas.
In most of the Middle East countries as a whole and especially in Saudi Arabia pluralism does not make a sense. As a result, Liberal groups, Shia people, women and even those religious but moderate groups all are under pressure. Such a policy has been always dictated by the government during the lifespan of the Kingdom. In fact, even during King Abdullah’s reign who is considered as a reformist king, that policy has been adopted? That was why political; security official together condemned and suppressed the oppositions in 2011.
In the Saudi Arabia resemblance to other countries in the region discontent rate is high, as some movement and protestation shown in 2011; however, the government could preserve the political stability by offering financial incentive, religious leaders and security crackdown. As a result, as Gramsci says, the historical block controlled and managed the situation and preserved the political stability in the country. In fact, it is of high account to consider that the Saudi Arabia society as a Wahhabis’ society is much more conservative than the Saudi Government, as a result even limited reform by the government related to the women or Shia people would be opposed by the Wahhabis’ leaders and Sheikh.