مجله پژوهش های تاریخی ایران و اسلام
پیاپی 21 (پاییز و زمستان 1396)

Eastern Studies is a collection of studies and researches of scientists and institutions of the Western countries on various issues of the Orient. The nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century has been a very important time in European Orientalism, especially in England. During this period, England had colonized a large part of the Indian subcontinent and other parts of Asia. For a variety of reasons, the country of Iran, in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, was concerned with the policies of the great world powers. The British Empire and the East India Company were particularly sensitive to Iran and adjacent India. According to the British Orientalists, special attention was paid to these areas, including Balochistan. This research uses the method of historical analysis by analyzing the content of the works of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century English Orientalism and representing its relation to British political, military and economic contexts. The Balochistan region raises the question of what is the relationship between British politics in Iran and Asia and their East-Eastern studies in these areas, and what functions did these studies play? The findings of the research show that Orientalism as a colonial instrument has military-political functions in the region, and has been in line with the identification of the Baloch people and the drawing of eastern frontiers to serve the purposes of British colonialism.

When sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi came to power, a new trend of opposition against intellectual and religious dissidents was administrated emulating Baghdad the capital in east of Iran. His dogmatic and unilateral attitude toward different religious movements and intellectual scholars provided the ground for establishing religious fanaticism and juridical retrospection and resulted in fading the tolerance and moderation derived from golden era of Islamic civilization in Iran. The considerable point is that according to political jurisprudence notions of Sunnis, sultan Mahmud introduced as the top sovereign and ruler of Islamic society and was appreciated by Sunni elites, historians, and jurists. In this cross-sectional study, the enemity of Sultan Mahmoud towards rival religions and his inquisition courts in Iran, have been studied.

One of the most significant events of the history of Safavid era is Esmaeil Mirza’s immigration to Guilan which has been reported differently in the historic sources of this dynasty. Lahiji’s report , among all the other sources of safavid period , has got a special importance. Since he observed Esmaeil Mirza’s social, political and intellectual developments in person, he had the opportunity to write the first report about him in his history book. This report is rather brief , eventough it is so significant. There are other sources which refer to some aspects of Esmaeil Mirza’s presence in Guilan. Such writers had an access to some documents and compiled this part of Esmaeil Mirza’s life based on these documents, although they didn’t witness his presence in Lahijan. The most important question of the present research paper is: How have Safavid sources regarded Esmaeil Mirza’s immigration to Guilan? Considering the above mentioned question, one can propose the theory that sources of this era, at first under the impact of Lahiji’s report, and then under the influence of fictional narratives as well as verbal quotations reported this historic event. In the current research, the researcher is trying to present the most authentic report about Esmaeil Mirza’s presence in Lahijan through a comparative assessment of five major sources of the safavid peroid.

Transforming the concept of Imamate and the consequences of its different definitions is one of most challenging theological and historical issues among Shia religious scholars, orators, jurist and historians. The present study is to investigate briefly the concept of Imamate among Zaidi Shiites in the second and third centuries with a historical and systematic approach and then explain the role of the definition of Zaidi Shiites of the issue of Imamate and the status, duties and responsibilities of Imams in socio-political life of this sect in order to identify what effects have this definition left and basically what factors have been effective on the social upheavals of this sect in the first centuries other than the thought of Imamate.During the present study, it will be identified that Zaidi Shiites have interpreted the issue of Imamate as a socio-political necessity and the main condition of the legitimacy of Imamate of a person is his effort for establishing the principle of ordering the good and forbidding the evil by calling people to resistance. However the interpretation of this Shiites (Zaidi) of the concept of Imamate in the theoretical domain of their attitudes has given them a moderate approach, in practice, they have been led to political radicalism and pragmatism and the consequences of this pragmatism-indeed by the influences of temporal and spatial factors- have been the establishment of autonomous governments in different points of Islamic World.

The ancient writers, as well as new historical research of ancient, historical geography and the urban structure and urban areas and cities of the ancient reigns do not give much information about the cities . We can say that this area almost has been neglected. However, the research in this area illuminates the dark corners of relations between Iran and the neighboring powers. There is a frontier town, according to a geographical location and geopolitical located right in Mesopotamia, a very long time is a series of multiple hands. From the middle of the Iranian Parthian and Roman communicate to the late Sassanid era, for seizing this key region, efforts have been made by both the ancient period.the geographical and historical issues in the study of civil Amed city gives structures and political role, The city is an important commercial and religious relations in Sassanid Persia and Rome were reviewed and analyzed. The research indicates that the seizure was a frontier town as access to both the power of ancient Armenia, concentrate in Mesopotamia, as well as a strong base for the territory of their country's go. As civil Amed city structure was influenced by this problem, and again by the power of its ruling on its fortifications were added. In addition of access to the city, which was located on the trade routes, both in terms of trade relations between the two countries in terms of religious propaganda had a double significance.

Durability of Nowruz ,Mehrgun and Sadeh celebrations, along with wide rituals that had part of the Iranian community identity was indebted to a number of factors of which the share of social backgrounds seems more important. This article in the light of three factors: the texture of the eastern territory of the Caliphate and the effort of Zoroastrians, social context and superiority of the Iranian culture and Arabian Baghdad and share of Shuubigary and approach of Iranian cultural- social, social contexts affecting the continuity of celebration focuses on the early centuries of Islam.Achievement of this research shows that purity of population and relative superiority of Iranian culture in the eastern territory of the Islamic Caliphate, Iranian influence`s share in development of Abbasid Caliphate and settling down in the emerging cities in Iraq, and most importantly, the formation of a conscious movement of Shuubiah and trying to exist and continuing of Iranian celebrations, had provided the causing of durability and existing of celebrations and ceremonies The rituals as the more tangible Iranian culture and civilization, paved areas near the Iranian identity and in the convergence of Iranian culture within the Islamic principles had an extreme share.

Baluchi language is one of the branches of Iranian languages. This language has kept its ancient form more than other branches of Iranian languages. For Western scholars, however, it has been difficult to prove Baloch's race from the Aryan, Dravidian, Turkmen or Arabic point of view. Concerning this issue, definitive inference from any researcher has been controversial. In this research, using the historical method and descriptive-analytical research, we try to examine the Baluch people's race based on the views of Western scholars. Indeed, the attempt is to describe and explain the current situation of the issue. The findings of this research show that in the past, the issue of studying races was a very acute ideological and political issue in the West, especially for their colonial purposes. But it should be said that this is less true in Balochistan's identification of racial identity. However, such an attempt is the sequel of the same trend and general and long-term goals of Western colonialism, especially the British.

The Timurids were the Turkish-Mongolian tribes that dominated the districts of Transoxania and Iran over the years (913-771 BC). The simultaneous experience of one-time and nomadic life in Alush Goghtai and Central Asia led Timur and his successors to somewhat brief familiarity with Islam and Iranian culture. For this reason, the components of Iranian identity, including Iranian art and Shia religion, were at this time an opportunity for growth and unity. The painstaking policy of the Timurid statesmen, the bondage of Shi'a with the flow of Sufism and the Shi'a's efforts, both within the Shiite and individual movements, provided a ground for the Shiite religion, especially in the social dimension, to grow more than the past. On the other hand, Iranian art and its numerous branches, especially calligraphy art, at this time are like a container that other components of Iranian identity, including the Shia religion, are its subject matter and its constituents. The art of calligraphy, known as Islamic art and sacred art, became closely related to Timurid times in two theoretical and practical aspects with the concepts, values ​​and personalities of Shi'a. Spiritual inspiration and modeling of calligraphy professors from Imam Ali's character and application of Shiite culture in the system of teacher-student of this period are theoretical aspects and writing of manuscripts, poetry and Shi'i inscriptions in practical aspect. The present study aims to explain the role of calligraphy in publishing and displaying the religious beliefs of the Timurid community on the one hand, and how this relationship with Shiite religion is related to this time. On the other hand, it seeks to study the causes of this relationship and, secondly, its features during the Timurid period. Descriptive and analytical methods will be dealt with using historical and artistic sources and documents.

The entry of Islam into Iran and the expansion of it as the main religion of this land, as a major social transformation, led the followers of Zoroastrianism into a minority. The Zoroastrian community of Iran in the early Islamic centuries, as part of a dynamic and dynamic society, suffered from a great deal of transformation. One of these developments was the change in the geography of their residential areas. In the Islamic society of Iran, which experienced radical changes in terms of social and religious structure, Zoroastrians were forced to accept new laws governing the community in all aspects of their lives. Therefore, they preferred to stay in areas that would make them less restricted. Based on this, the change in Zoroastrian settlements in Iran was a function of the spread and influence of Islam in different regions. In the early centuries of Islam, the growing spread of Islam and the formation of Islamic sects and cultures in Iran had confronted Zoroaster's survival. Therefore, Zoroastrians as a group of dhimma for reasons such as the role and influence of religious and belief factors and components, the effect of Iranian uprisings and the extent of its attachment to Zoroastrian followers from the viewpoint of the caliphate, the role of the economic and commercial factors of Zoroastrian settlements, the type of attitude of the Arab commanders towards the vast areas and the effects of the migration of the Arab tribes into Iran have chosen a specific population geography to protect their religion. The present study intends to investigate how and why the geographic distribution of Zoroastrians in Iran during the first to the fourth centuries of Hijra was studied using historical texts and descriptive-analytical method, as well as using some ideas about the changes of societies in the social sciences. Make

In the early 20th century, the Russians and Britain, on their common interests and interests, set aside their long-standing rivalry over Iran's issues and brought convergence and cooperation, and, subsequently, the Treaty of 1907 was signed between the two countries. The agreement sought to bring the two countries' policies towards Iran until 1917. The purpose of this article is to examine the effect of this convergence and cooperation between the two countries on the historical destiny of Iran, with emphasis on the disasters brought about by Russians in 1930 in Tabriz. The results of this study, which relied on documents, letters, telegrams, as well as new research on this issue, show that the damage that Iran suffered during this period, through the cooperation of the two colonial governments of Russia and the United Kingdom was much more than the loss and damage at the time of competition between these two governments in Iran. After the 1907 agreement, Russia and Britain sacrificed Iran's independence and territorial integrity for their own interests. When Russia apparently violated Iran's sovereignty and territorial integrity, the British, according to their own interests, feared the cancellation of the 1907 treaty. On the part of the Russians, they approved the aggressive actions of the Russians and thus encouraged them to continue their destructive actions. The culmination of these aggressions was the Russian occupation of Tabriz in 1930/1911, which resulted in the deaths or emigration of a large number of constitutionalists and liberators from the city and creating a climate of fear and terror.

Establishment and spread of new charities were founded during the constitutional era. The same time, a large number of women by holding forums and communities for women, announced their existence. Most of these forums have a history of political and secret activities. Under Reza Shah, along with modern slogans of Iran, a new arena for women in social and cultural institutions and associations came into being. With the evolution of the female population and culminating in the focus groups and charitable welfare - health, women with the support of the government, the opportunity to provide services in the sectors of health, welfare and won. Despite political developments affected during the second Pahlavi Reza Shah's abdication, World War II occupation of Iran and in spite of the cultural elites of intellectuals away from the regime and lack of cooperation with welfare organizations and charities - health, many women with a passion and enthusiasm to work they continued in this area.This article attempts to answer the following questions: The presence of women in the welfare charities - health, of the Constitution to end the rule of the Pahlavi what is leaps and bounds? Factors encouraging or obstacles to active women in this field, and what degree of effectiveness of charitable activities in the field of women's well-being - to what extent be assessed health? The research uses library resources and archives, with qualitative research method in an analytical and descriptive way.