مجله پژوهش های تاریخی ایران و اسلام
پیاپی 5 (پاییز و زمستان 1388)

In invention and innovation of six different styles in calligraphy, three of outstanding masters played important roles: Ibn- e- Moghleh, Ibn- e-Bavab and Yaghout Mostasami. In fact in is not possible to study and evaluate the sixstyle and its developments and evolutions without studying and considering the feats of these three masters. Ibn- Moghleh was the innovator of the sixstyle. Ibn – e- Bovab wrote and created its principles and rules and Yaghout emphasized its aesthetics and changed the calligraphy to fine – writing. In this essay, Yaghout,s life and feats are studied amongst the main sources to show his innovations in calligraphy. Yaghout,s outstanding and artistic functions in the field of calligraphy and fine – writing was so significant that have made him to be one of the symbols in fine- writing for generations after him. Any calligraphers who were admired since 8th. century, have been compared with Yaghout. One of his features was his hardworking and creating lots of works in the sixstyle of calligraphy. The works remained from him also show his high particularities. In this essay, his remained works, using a table, are identified from different sources and, finally, his artistic heritage and effects in the course of historical needs of calligraphy of the sixstyle are considered.

Judgement has always been one of the main tasks of societies since the ancient times. In Iran, also. it was, in various historical periods, before or during Islamic period, one of the significant governmental and kingship affairs and functions. Sultan was the head of any kind of legal affairs, and judicial powers were vested to judges from him and all the judges were his secrataries in this respect. In addition, Sultan's order, beside religious and common education, was one of the main parts of any judgement. It was the same during Taimourian dynasty in this country. In this period, too, the Sultan as at the heart of judgement as being the highest member in judicial committee, and he was someone who checked and verified the pleading in the courts. The supreme judge, the highest judge of judges,was appointed by him. His verdicts were effective in all judicial courts for assigning, changing and reducing the punishment. In his period, judges passed their verdicts according to Islamic, common and the Sultan's rules. Genghis (chengiz)'s law (yasa) was also one of the main rules of judgement until 815. It was cancelled by shahrokh in the same year and it was one of the main changes in the judicial system of Sultans.For this reason, in this paper, using descriptive and analytical methods based on library existing documents, I have tried to study the principles of Teimourian's judicial policies and the policies of Sultans of this period such as: Teimour, Shahrokh, Ologh Beik Abu Saeed and Sultan Hossein Bayoghra, as well.

Dariush the Great's petroglyph in Bistoon is the biggest remained petroglyph from the Archaemenides period. It, from historical and linguistic point of view is such full of valuable information that it is called the whole of ancient East petroglyph and the most important script of all ancient East. Dariush the Great, in connection with the contents of the petroglyphs and in coordination with the known customs and traditions of ancient East, has also built in Bistoon the petroglyph of all his enemies had been defeated by him. Amidst the Iranian and non – Iranian historical and geographical texts of old days, some descriptions and indications about the Dariush's petroglyph in Bistoon mountain can be seen which are sometimes more fictional and fanciful than the real descriptions of petroglyphs. In this essay, I tried to show the oldest description of Bistoon petroglyph in Islamic period texts, using historical and geographical texts.

The Persian Gulf has had economical importance from the early point of history, from when the prospering civilization of Mesopotamia was found and the empires of Meds, Acheamenain, Parthia and Sassanides. Ancient discovered remains in Iran pre-historic civilization prove the important roles of the Persian Gulf between ancient Iran's cities and south east of Asia, Europe and Africa. Many of the educational and civilizational areas of Iran, belonging to before Aryan governments, located in Silk of Kashan, Gian of Nahvand, Hesar of Damghan, Shahr- e- Sukhteh (the Burnt City) of Zabol,Talle Eblis, Yahya Tappeh, Shahdad of Kerman, Old city of Jiroft and Eailam had a kind of relationship with these marine areas. Regarding the distances between these areas, Oman sea proves its vital significant importance. The Persian Gulf played the main role in this relationship among the central civilizations and the islands and harbors of south of Iran Shahr, Iraq, the Mesopotamia, India, China, east and south- east of Asia, Egypt and Eastern Africa. Ruling these strategic sea – areas had been the main guarantee for many governments and nations for earning wealth and gaining more power.

When economical histograpy has a meaning in the field of historical studies and is limited with its line discussion, it is the analysis of part of collective behaviors of men which has been formed for earning their livelihood in the past periods. This kind of concept can just have a meaning when we consider history as a mid – course in connection with understanding the structure of society in the past for the study of economical aspect of man's deed. While historians consider history in its structural aspect as being a philosophy and having a practical concept, covers three areas: policy, moral, and program of home (the economics), they have paid attention, from the distant past, to the economical aspect of human life, but have not used it as an independent title meaning economical histography. Using such a concept even in the situation in which scientific discussions exist in all historical meetings, is doubtful and one must deliberate about it. Regarding the attempts of those historians from the past who also paid great attention to the human economical life, especially, the philosopher- historians who have approached this concept since 18th. century considering a sort of structural understanding from man's past, this concept must be used with great care and tried to make the historical studies as much more scientific and precise as possible.In this respect, this essay is looking for, investigating the course of historical studies changes which have had an economical approach and created such a solution, studying economical histography and its part in improving qualitative and knowledgeable aspects of history.

With the domination of the Sassanides government in 226 A.D. and acceptance of Zoroastrian religion as an official religion of the government, the position of Zoroastrian clergy in Sassanides social structure gained its highest status in the history of ancient Iran. The Sassanides government had been planned to have central political and religious structure. In this connection, Zoroastrian clergy and Sassanides kings, as two main bases of the government, got in close contact with each other to protect their interests and gain greater power. The governmental class accepted responsibilities for the fixed security of the country and the governmentship policy in the society and the religious class became responsible for legalizing the political organization through the exclusiveness of Zoroastrian religion and controlling more social and educational structures of the society.

One of the main functions of science in its philosophical meaning is explanation. There are different opinions about common classifications in the field of extension and methods of science. Many sciences such as humanities, and history in particular, can not be a part of this fixed definition of experimental sciences, neither in research method nor in subject. But the differences in the research method and subject is not something to prevent history and other humanities to be considered as science. Humanities should ignore the exclusive and fixed definition, which is taken o consideration by experimental sciences, to get its high value and position. One of the methods which can be helpful in increasing the validity of humanities is using theoretical framework and then the explanation. In traditional historical researches, historical explanation has faced with some problems because of not observing the experimental framework and experimental principles. Some of the opposed and agreeable researchers respecting explanation in history, join together in the point where they refuse to accept theory- based histography. Apart from their opinions being right or wrong, this procedure practically means killing the history by hammering continuous and fatal strokes and pushing it out of the field of science. Findings of this research show that ignoring theory-based explanation is nothing but an illusion because any kind of sub – experimental histography is based on explanation. Meanwhile, theorists clearly accept the role of theory in explanation (theory – based histogrophy), but theory oppositions, secret- methodically and unaware talk about the role of theory in history explanation (secret- method histograhy). The result is being under an illusion of explanation without a theory and being engaged in a vicious circle of useless repetition

There is no doubt that understanding the processes for formation of geographical places without studying the effective factors of these processes is impossible. The impression of geographical situations and political decisions are main aspects of historical geopolitics studies in the existence and creation of geographical spaces. This essay tries to give some information relating to course of historical geography changes and historical geopolitics of Ghohestan area in the east ob Iran..Researchers, using historical texts and geographical documents of first and middle centuries of Islamic periods, travelogues and historical sources of the present centuries as the main factors of study, try to explain and show its dark part, the method used in this research is historical analysis.