مجله پژوهش های تاریخی ایران و اسلام
پیاپی 16 (بهار و تابستان 1394)

Kings like Shah Abbas I in Persia made the Saffavid Empire stronger and it resulted in political unity, growth of trade, roads safety, and ultimately commerce. Meanwhile, by having thousands of years of experience in textile, the city of Yazd brought up Ghias Al-din Naghshbandi Yazdi, the greatest fabric designer in the history of Iran. During the Qajar era, textile industry lost its prosperity considerably due to the imports of foreign fabrics, yet cities such as Yazd and Kashaan maintained a positive growth. Dozens of types of fabrics, some of them unique types such as velvet and cashmere and so on were being produced in Yazd. Amir Kabir founded large textile factories in cities like Yazd, Kerman, Kashaan etc. Universally renowned masters like Mohammad Khan Naghshband, and..yazd and others emerged. Data have been gathered this non-experimental(Qajar) research has been2conducted with a documentarian approach and through field studies. This question has been proposed: what were the developments of the textile industry during the Qajar era and yazd and what role the city of Yazd has played in this textiles?

Khulasat al tavarikh book written by Ghazi Ahmad Ghomi is one of the most imperative history books from kind Abbas early epoch. Initially it consisted of 5 volumes, however just the last one is available now which reveals the brief biography of Safoiddin Ardabilly till the first years of Shāh Abbās I Safavid Kingdom. Despite the fact that this piece work is remarkably considerable comparing to other works, especially history of Alamaraye Abbassi, since now it has been less investigated. In this literature some aspects of Ghazi Gomi’s historiography has been considered, for instance formology and content analyzing of author’s outlook, notability and characteristic of his historiography, recognizing the validity of his historical information and the method and his manuscription. Although Ghazi Ahmad Ghomi’s historiography method has never been considered as a style in Safavid historiography, in many aspects it has transmitted the previous methods he had understood from late historians, mainly in prefacing and chronologicaling.

Sassanids who came to power in Iran following the victory of Ardashir Pabakan over the Ardavan the fourth, established a kingdom that became one of the most important and flourishing kingdoms of ancient time. Not only from a political point of view, but also from cultural and scientific positions, this period was an important era in ancient history of Iran. In this regard we can mention evolution of national culture, development of science and establishment of scientific and academic centers, including academic city of Gundešapur in south-western Iran which was already famous in ancient time and was symbol for other medical centers. In this paper it has been tried, based on ancient historical documents and Islamic Geographers' reports and modern researches and by using historical methods, to examine the cultural and scientific position of Gundešapur in Iran's ancient history. For this purpose, we will have a look at the construction of this city by Sassanid kings and examine the toponym of the city and then, we will investigate the academic and medical position of the city.

The yarsan sect have some followers as one of the religious sects in iran. The adequate knowledge there is no about this sect in scientific and popular circle and the researches in this area does not indicate nature of that sect. this article is intended to study the rise of yari sect and the period epiphany in that sect. in this study, the method of research is descriptive-analytical and also the yarsanis religious sources has been library use. It is seems that the epiphany period is fourth courses in the yari sect and the rise of that sect has been social phenomenon and turn nature to a religion.

Trade was one of the most important economic criteria of Transoxiana (Mawara al-Nahr) and merchants in this region had business relations with surrounding regions for a long time. Although domestic trade in Transoxiana was prosperous at the early Islamic centuries, its foreign trade flourished from fourth century AH, along with the consolidation of Samanids rule over this region. Using a descriptive-analytical method, the present article aims at explaining how and with the help of which factors the Samanids developed the foreign trade of Transoxiana and with which regions they had the most foreign trade. Findings show that the economic and business revival of Transoxiana at the time of Samanids is a reflection of the social and political discipline and security of this era. Samanid rulers, in addition to creating political unity, brought about the growth of foreign trade and the flow of trade caravans to this land by organizing economic affairs and creating a proper communication network and also reducing duties and taxes. The foreign trade of Transoxiana in the Samanids era was mainly with businessmen from China, Tibet, the land of Turks, Eastern Europe, Khorasan and Iraq.

Almost all Iranian contemporary intellectuals have seen religion the same as European intellectuals of Enlightenment tradition to be cause of underdevelopment. In Iranian contemporary history we can see evidences of the same trend: secularism during Constitutional Revolution; Reza Shah’s Bonapartism; leftism and liberalism during Mohammad Reza Shah; and even independence-oriented of Mossadiqi nationalism. But, studying Iranian modern history as it has been parallel to European modern one shows that the religion has come to be with state upon raison d’état. Having neglicted the necessity of being state with religion, although proceeding in theorizing and initializing the spread of liberty, rule of law, democracy, . . . in contemporary Iran, it has not gone further in theorizing the relation of state and religion so as to institute much more powerful and legitimate state. The current paper goes on to believe that the very important factor in strengthen of national power is formulating this relation. As it may come into mind why this formulating has been neglicted in Iranshahr thought as a very important question, the paper concludes and finds “historical unconsciousness” to the formulation as the best answer.

One of the fundamental pillars of the Sassanid kings was Dependence on armies that the warrior lords and noble of Persian and Parthian provided for the king. it is usually believed that this dependence has continued until his reign of Khosrow Anushirwan and his reforms and only when he was king for the first time abled to create an army of fixed and dependent on the king and actually saved himself from dependence on large forces and heads of families. Even, this independence had also been interpreted to create a centralized kingdom that the Sassanid kings followed it. But surviving certificates and reports of historians, is contrary to the general belief and the challenges it. This article, by exploring these certificates, seeks to consider Khosrow military reform and its consequences.

Mutazid was one of the powerful caliphs in the second half of the Abbasid caliphate who was confronted financial crisis due to vaccuated treasury,budget deficit and debility of state in paying salaries. Although this situation was the heritage of his ancestors,he never permitted to continue aforementioned conditions and shake the basis of the caliphate.The question which the current study tries to find an answer to it,upon the analytic and descriptive method, is: How could Mutazid solve the caliphate financial problems and remove the obstacles? The findings of this study show that he acted in political,financial and administrative spheres,employed the efficient agents and adopted the suitable approaches for managing of the current crisis and routinizing the situation.

The establishment of Saffavid government with twelve-Imam Shiite religious approach, opened a new time in Iran's history and differentiated this time of world from Iran's past periods of history. On the one hand, creating a powerful central government, military captures, territory development and stabilization on boundaries being neighbor with the competitor governments of the neighbor and on the other hand, actions such as providing safety of roads, developing caravanserai and the Saffavid economic and political relations with Europeans provided growth and prosperity reasons of Iran's domestic and foreign trade in Saffavid era. Following this importance, a suitable situation was provided for activity and presence of foreign businessmen such as Indian merchants in Iran. In this research, it has been attempted to consider preparation elements of presence and activity of Banian and Indian merchants in Iran's economic field of Saffavid era and also their activity outcomes through a historical research method with a descriptive-analytic approach based on library resources. Due to Indian merchants' activity in affairs such as money-changing and usury transactions which allotted them lots of profits, Iran economy of Saffavid era encountered with disadvantageous outcomes such as the exodus of desired coins to India, decrease of national money value and therefore increase of Indian commercial level comparing with Iran.

The destruction of human resource was started by Timor attack, and impacted on political and economic structure. Due to the tribal origin numerous tribes came to Iran with Timor and some of them stayed in Khorasan.However, at the time of Timor successor and as a result of commander supports and reconstruction, the cities were benefited from prosperity and development and a large number of people resided there. Military commanders, scholars, Sadat, elders, artists, craftsmen, Sufis and… are some of people who were settled in cities. Therefore, based on descriptive analytic method we are going to make a response to the following question: What development efforts took place in Khorasan, what social classes, guilds and artists were present there during Shahrukh reign and how was their relationship. The obtained data shows that successor paid more attention to urbanization so the cities had found their previous prosperity and growth.