فصلنامه روان شناسی و دین
سال ششم شماره 4 (پیاپی 24، زمستان 1392)

The present paper aims at designing, constructing and validating a scale to assess the moral vice of arrogance and moral virtue of humbleness, based on the Glorious Quran and traditions transmitted from Holy Prophet and his household (peace be upon them). After the classification of related verses and studying their meanings, and construction and validation of a questionnaire with 31 items, it was completed by 475 university and seminary students who were selected randomly. In terms of validity of the scale, the rate of agreement between experts was 94.38 and Kendal's coefficient concordance was significant, which shows strong content validity of the scale. In terms of reliability of the scale, the coefficient of test re-test method was 0.857, Cornbach's alpha was 0.837 and coefficient of split half method was 0.781, which shows strong reliability of the scale. According to research findings, it can be said that this questionnaire has high reliability and validity and provide us with coherence factors which can be used in future research and to study moral characters of arrogance and humbleness in individuals.

The present paper seeks to investigate the effect of teaching the skills to confront with difficulties by using an Islamic approach on psychological adjustment in the components of adaptability, interpersonal skills and resiliency of veteransp wives. The sample consists of 70 veteran's wives whose children go to male Shahid School in zone five of Mashhad in the academic year of 1391-1392 (2012-2013). They completed Connor-Davidson Resiliency Questionnaire and Barr-Anne's emotional intelligence questionnaire. Thirty wives were divided into control and experimental groups. Ten sessions of teaching skills to confront with difficulties by using an Islamic approach were offered to experimental group. Then both groups answered a post-test. Data analysis shows that training influences veteran's wives resiliency, interpersonal skills and adaptability. Regarding the research findings, it is recommended to teach veteran's wives the skills to confront with difficulties by using an Islamic approach in order to increase their resiliency, adaptability and interpersonal skills, which can promote the level of their adjustment, mental health and ability to confront with difficulties.

Using an existentialist approach, the present paper takes a probing look at man's health and illness from the view of Jalal al-Din Mohammad Moulawi. According to research findings, it can be said that displaying psychological moods like depression is not peculiar to those who have a record of psychological trauma during their childhood; rather, these moods are common among all people. The main finding is that the basic motive in man is a will to have unlimited relation. This paper claims that a break in a special relationship can be one of the main causes of mental illnesses. Therefore, success in reforming it leads to decrease in disorders. It is a qualitative research which uses an analytical deduction method.

The present paper examines the relationship between Islamic optimism, anxious thoughts and meta-cognitive anxious thoughts. To this end, a sample consisting of 110 students of Imam Khomeini Educational and Research Institute, who were selected randomly, completed Well's inventory of anxious thoughts and meta-anxiety (Wells, 1994) and the questionnaire of Islamic optimism. The research findings indicate that there is a significant negative relationship between Islamic optimism and anxious thoughts. There is a significant negative relationship between Islamic optimism, social anxiety, health anxiety and meta-cognitive anxious thoughts (meta-anxiety). Furthermore, there is a significant negative relationship between attention to positive aspects, positive interpretation of events and positive expectation for future and aforementioned variables. The multiple regressions indicate that Islamic optimism predicts the changes related to meta-cognitive thoughts significantly. Finally, the research findings were analyzed from four aspects and its limits and some recommendations were proposed.

The present paper seeks to provide a model for controlling aggressiveness, with emphasis on religious teachings. The traditions and Quranic verses about aggressiveness are extracted from Islamic resources and were separately analyzed and explained psychologically. The research findings indicate that, according to this model, an individual is related to four fields of cognition, behavior, emotion and spirituality. This model indicates that control of aggressiveness begins from a behavior in its relevant field and delays the display of an aggressive behavior. This is a ground for using cognitive modus operands in order to correct the thoughts, which leads to suppression of emotion. As a result, an individual attains self-control, which leads to the control of aggressive behavior in displeasing situation. Using spiritual modus operands in such fields as behavior and cognition connects an individual to spiritual field and prepares a ground for acceleration and strengthening the control of aggressiveness.

The present paper seeks to determine the rate of moderating role of self-regulation in relation to religiosity, the quality of relationship with parents and moral identity. The statistical population consists of BA female students of Isfahan University in the academic year of 1391-1392 (2012-2013). The statistical sample consists of 180 female students who were selected through multi-stage random sampling. The results indicate that the path of religiosity to self-regulation, the path of religiosity to symbolic moral identity, the path of self-regulation to internal moral identity and the path of self-regulation to symbolic moral identity are significant. In terms of indirect effects of religiosity on moral identity through self-regulation, the coefficient of effect of religiosity on symbolic moral identity and internal moral identity through self-regulation is significant. The path of the quality of relationship with parents to internal moral identity and the path of the quality of relationship with parent to self-regulation are not significant. Therefore, self-regulation can be considered an appropriate intermediary in the relationship between religiosity and moral identity. Altogether, self-regulation and religiosity have an important role in the promotion of moral identity.

The present paper seeks to examine the relationship between care, everyday experiences and spiritual well-being among nurses in Tehran. A sample consisting of 250 nurses (188 female and 66 male) working in the hospitals of Tehran who were selected by random cluster sampling completed three questionnaires of spiritual care, everyday spiritual experiences and spiritual well-being. The results shows that nurse's perception of the rate of their care, everyday experiences and spiritual well-being is high (p<0.001). The results of correlation coefficients and regression analysis shows that there is positive significant relationship between spiritual care, everyday spiritual experiences and spiritual well-being (p<0.001 and f=16.3), and everyday spiritual experiences and spiritual well- being jointly explain %42 of changes in spiritual care. Therefore, the research findings indicate that nurse's internal abilities like promotion of their spiritual well-being and preparing a ground for spiritual experience prepares the ground for their spiritual care.