فصلنامه سیاست علم و فناوری
پیاپی 2 (تابستان 1387)

Software is a key element in contemporary societies for increasing the usage of information communication and technology. It is an environmentally friendly, high-growth global industry, and the most critical element of the government and business systems that every nation must build for itself. So, Software development and usage is Therefore critical. Developing nations see their software industrie's growth as an opportunity to catch up to advanced nations and as a possible cure for uneven development and so they struggle to make successful software industries. In Iran, also, there is a desire to use the software capacity for development of nation; but ire country’s software capacity is limited and should be used strategically. Therefore, there is a need for policy-making and identifying the priorities. To help with this, software success factor models such as the Heeks model, the Oval model, and the Dayasindhu framework are proposed. But there is a need for a comprehensive model that express the success factors and priorities in a less abstract from, that pays attention to the domestic market as well as exports, that shows the criteria as well as for factors success, and that accepts the role of influential, but uncontrollable factors on the success of the software industry. This research, at first, is aimed at a literature review including the software industry's effects on society, success models and success factors of leading software industries of developing countries. Then, based on this literature review and in response to the question "what is the proper success (priorities) model for the Iranian software industry?" a model consisting of 6 factors (government, customer, internal structure and process, human capital, infrastructure, and environmental) was offered. After that, the model was presented to experts in 3 ways: by electronic (online and offline) and paper-based questionnaires. At last, after analyzing the data and using the orange garden as a metaphor, the final model of priorities (success factors) was derived which is called, the Orange Garden Model for the software industry.

Benchmarking is a tool for monitoring performance and searching for the best practice through learning from others. This paper introduces a new model, namely the Virtual Benchmarking Model (VBM), for benchmarking the R&D projects. This model uses the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique and identifies output indicators based on R&D steps and addresses the problem of monhomogeneous outputs. The proposed model was examined empirically using input-output indicators captured from 30 electronics R&D projects in IROST. Results indicate that efficiency and effectiveness criteria should be used jointly for identifying the best practices. Based on the VBM model, 17 % of R&D projects were distinguished as providing benchmarks for other projects. The main characteristics of these projects were 1) effective human resource planning and; 2) marketing the results of R&D projects. Use of the virtual benchmarking process can lead to enhance mont 08 the performance of R&D projects.

Benchmarking is a tool for monitoring performance and searching for the best practice through learning from others. This paper introduces a new model, namely the Virtual Benchmarking Model (VBM), for benchmarking the R&D projects. This model uses the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique and identifies output indicators based on R&D steps and addresses the problem of monhomogeneous outputs. The proposed model was examined empirically using input-output indicators captured from 30 electronics R&D projects in IROST. Results indicate that efficiency and effectiveness criteria should be used jointly for identifying the best practices. Based on the VBM model, 17 % of R&D projects were distinguished as providing benchmarks for other projects. The main characteristics of these projects were 1) effective human resource planning and; 2) marketing the results of R&D projects. Use of the virtual benchmarking process can lead to enhance mont 08 the performance of R&D projects.

communication technology (ICI) and knowledge economy have increased the importance of the quality debate in the Scientific System. However, there is no comprehensive system for evaluating of the quality of “knowledge prodution system established” in Iran. This requires the consensus of scholars and policy makers, and should be based on international scientific and academic principles and norms, while being relevant to the national context. Anderson, Billing, Busters, Maassen, Tomusk, Vander Wende, Kouwenaar, Vlasceanu, Bazargan and many other researchers at the national and international levels have studied the components of the Scientific Systems and Higher Education Evaluation. By employing a historical, comparative and qualitative research method, This article has developed an appropriate model for a higher education accreditation system (including internal and external evaluation) based on a nonagon model. The historical study shows that quality in Iran’s higher education has always been faced with certain structural and ideo-political obstacles in the form of a huge governmental bureaucracy, a petro-political economy and weak institutions, so that rational and liberalization artivities were often feeble and vulnerable, generally encountering difficult structural challenges as unfinished projects. Using a problem/solution model of categorizing the main challenges of Scientific Evaluation System in Iran, this article proposes nine essential steps for encountering with the afore-mentioned challenges and establishing a comprehensive system for the evaluation of the quality in higher education this includes the four levels of 1. University information system, 2.evaluation system university,3.external evaluation and accreditation, and 4. monitoring the national scientific system. The desired objective of evaluation quality and improvement of the will be only obtained through government playing a supportive and facilitative role of the in developing the required infrastructures for national monitoring of the scientific system; emphasizing internal initiatives of the universities and the scientific institutions themselves in a competitive sphere at both national and international levels.

This paper reviews the factors affecting universities approaching to academic entrepreneurship and search to clarify the concept of entrepreneurial university. The paper is based on a case study done on academic entrepreneurship and research commercialization in the seven major Iranian universities. The study investigated the current situation of four important activities: protection of university IPs, licensing and transferring of university IPRs, establishment of university Spin-off Companies, contract research with industry and other organizations, with respect to: the acting organization, the personnel engaged, the work process and performance of these activities in 2006 with in the surveyed universities. The mentioned four selected activities within the framework of this study are consistence to academic entrepreneurship and research commercialization literature. The paper concludes that the process of IPs protection in the universities is recently being established. Contract research with industry is maintained but other activities like licensing and creation of Spin-off Companies has yet to be materialized.

This paper reviews the factors affecting universities approaching to academic entrepreneurship and search to clarify the concept of entrepreneurial university. The paper is based on a case study done on academic entrepreneurship and research commercialization in the seven major Iranian universities. The study investigated the current situation of four important activities: protection of university IPs, licensing and transferring of university IPRs, establishment of university Spin-off Companies, contract research with industry and other organizations, with respect to: the acting organization, the personnel engaged, the work process and performance of these activities in 2006 with in the surveyed universities. The mentioned four selected activities within the framework of this study are consistence to academic entrepreneurship and research commercialization literature. The paper concludes that the process of IPs protection in the universities is recently being established. Contract research with industry is maintained but other activities like licensing and creation of Spin-off Companies has yet to be materialized.

This paper attempts to determine the reasons for and consequences of the 2008 Financial Crisis in the light of the Schumpeter-Freeman-Perez Theory. It posits that this crisis is a sign of the resurfacing of the symptoms of the that recession occurred in the aftermath of the so- called Dot com Bubble burst, which had been postponed by liberalized credit policies. Considering the damage it has already done to confidence in the economic rationale of current policies, this paper argues that it is a strong sign of a stylized transition from the installation period to the diffusion period in the long wave of the technological information and communication revolution and a consequent shift in the techno-economic paradigm. The paper finally focuses on the technological evolutions in developing counties and concludes that inappropriate policies to deal with the economic crisis in the center and appropriate measures and policies undertaken by some of late- comer countries on the periphery could prolong abnormally the window of opportunity to catch up with the industrialised world. This analysis shows how the theory of successive technological revolutions and a techno-economic theoretical framework could help in technological policy making.