فصلنامه سیاست علم و فناوری
سال هشتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 26، تابستان 1394)

Today many of the large and infrastructure projects in the world are turning into learning battlefields and a growing number of organizations participate in such projects to improve their knowledge and capabilities. Not to manage properly, there are several factors that hinder knowledge transfer and learning opportunities in these projects. This research aims to identify key factors affecting project management inter-organizational Knowledge transfer in Iran petroleum international consortiums and to provide a conceptual model for it. Having an explorative and qualitative approach, a 3stage Delphi method is conducted with the contribution of 18 experts from Iran petroleum industry. 22 factors are explored in this research and the most important factors like: "the higher maturity of foreign partner in project management", "local partner level of intention and motivation to acquire PM knowledge from foreign partner" and "tie strength between Corresponding Author: partners" are prioritized as the top 10. Comparison with previous research findings, a couple of new revealed factors, and several practical and theoretical suggestions are also discussed in this paper.

Technological learning is deemed an important factor in the innovation system of petroleum industry in Iran which, as a developing country, requires expediting its’ development process. Repeated execution of development projects in petroleum industry shows that technological learning has not had a favorable occurrence. This paper aims to identify the factors affecting technological learning in large socio-technical systems. In this paper, a process model is provided for technological learning in petroleum industry and the bottlenecks are identified as well. The results of field study and empirical evidence in petroleum industry reveal that the institutional regime of petroleum industry weakens technological scenarios. This regime suffers a lock-in which leads to the "negative co-evolution" of active industry actors and subsequently impairment of technological learning. The negative co-evolution creates a change of strategy in the supply side. Suppliers try to adopt strategies which are in favor of the current regime in order to safeguard their position in the market. This leads to dominancy of obsolete technological routines in the firms and ultimately failure of technological learning in the petroleum industry.

Research & development and technology progress cause productivity increase, enhancement and mobility of production factors and more variety in products. The important question is why some countries assign a higher percentage of their GDP to research and development? Good governance will cause increase in research and development costs to the Gross Domestic Product by providing desirable institutional framework. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of governance on R&D intensity by using the data of the selected developed and developing countries over the 1996-2011 periods. The relationships between variables estimated by using the generalized methods of moments (GMM). As well as the net flow of foreign direct investment to GDP ratio, an indicator of human capital, industry value added sector to GDP ratio, imports of goods and services and abundance of natural resources are considered as control variables. Results obtained from this study show that improvement of the governance index has a positive and significant effect on the research and development intensity in both studied countries. The estimated coefficients of the net foreign direct investment to GDP ratio variable and human capital are positive and significant in both groups. However, the estimated coefficients of the industry value added sector to GDP ratio is positive and significant in developed countries and negative insignificant for developing countries. As well as the ratio of imports of goods and services have negative and insignificant impact for both studied countries and The coefficient of resource abundance index is positive and significant in developed countries and negative insignificant for developing countries.

In the age of communication, the necessity of studying and managing of scientific exchanges in scientific communities is undeniable. There are many scientific communities in the national and international level that in addition to internal scientific collaboration, they need to communicate with other scientific communities. For this purpose and on the basis of common interests among these scientific environments, the scientific collaboration will be formed among them. On the other hand, these scientific exchanges shape in the scientific environments and development of an architecture that show these scientific exchange makes it easier to review. Hence, in this paper, a serviceoriented architecture for scientific collaboration network in the e-science environment is presented in general form. Also to understanding relationship among architecture components, sequence diagram of system modeling language (SysML) is depicted. Finally, Based on the general service-oriented architecture and to show the efficiency of the proposed architecture, two case studies are surveyed.

In recent years the number of doctoral students in Iran have been increased. This phenomena has changed the attitude toward status and activity of doctoral students and hence has affected their professional identity development process. Accordingly this study aims to investigate the professional identity development of social science PhD students. Grounded theory is a method of this study. By a pragmatic reading of grounded theory, this study propose a Abductive model as a logic of discovery of grounded theory that clarify the role of researcher, concepts and literature review in various stages of collecting and interpreting data. Data have been collected through interview with 15 student of the social science at Allameh Tabatabaie University. The finding shows the indeterminacy of doctoral student’s professional identity. Temporarily Students do various activities in different areas that is a reaction to the lack of professional position prospect. Various and temporary activities of doctoral student in different fields has been explained by a theoretical concept of "The Temporary" so that to illustrate variety of student’s action in concrete level. In short, "The Temporary" is a time condition, between the present and unknown future. This ambiguous position is fragile and fluid. In this position Student cannot recognize his role and place in the future, so depending of subjective estimate, he/she trains and acts in a various fields. Accordingly, indeterminacy of doctoral student’s professional identity is an informed tactics of student to deal with "The Temporary".

One of the applications of sociology of science, as a specific branch of sociology of knowledge, is to advert the interplay between society and science, especially sociological problems of science institution. This article tries to review some statistics concerning brain drain in Iran and the world, to present the typology of these migrations, and to analyze the brain drain issue by using documentary research and re-analysis of statistics methods, and applying the synthetic approach of sociology of science. In general, some of the most important theoretical findings of this article are as follow: 1) In spite of increasing in the contribution of science production and scientific progresses of the country, the statistics of Iranian brain drain is still high. 2) In light of the interplay of society and science institution, 10 types of Iranian brain drain can be discovered and found. 3) According to the sight contained in sociology of science, it is necessary to advert the examples of the effect of scientific communities’ norms on elites, the effect of socio-economical structures and norms on the scientific work, the role of researchers’ networks, and the role of social and cognitive structures. The synthetic approach attends simultaneously to two elements of agency and structure in its analysis.