فصلنامه سیاست علم و فناوری
سال هشتم شماره 4 (پیاپی 28، زمستان 1394)

In today's environment, sustainable competitive advantage is dependent to the "knowledge capital". In such an environment, knowledge is the most important concept for the creation of value added. Previous studies show that people, organizations, and nations have advantages over competitors that have used knowledge strategically. Due to the current situation and the transition from an industrial economy to knowledge economy and knowledge management function in this change, it seems that providing a model for the management of intangible assets can be useful for improving economic and social conditions in the countries. Therefore, this study tries to provide a model of knowledge management at national level to reduce the loss of national intellectual capital and national knowledge. For this purpose, grounded theory was selected as a qualitative method for collecting and analyzing data. Knowledge management experiences were studied in a number of countries and key success factors were extracted with using the first stage of grounded theory. A group of experts and professionals was used to concise concepts and generate the theory in the fields of knowledge management. It should be noted, in addition to the construction of the model, the native components of country were added due to experts’ opinion and model validation was performed in this stage. Finally, interpretive structural modeling approach was used to test the theory and components were classified in three levels: vision, enablers and outcomes.

Evaluating and comparing the quality and quantity of scientific publications is a helpful method for relative evaluation of science at universities which is made based on facilities and opportunities. In different rating systems, the assessment of scientific publication is based on various indicators. Knowing these indicators and analyzing the strengths and weakness of the universities with regard to them, orient the universities to a better position and rank. Therefore, in this study, we have usedmultivariate analysis of variance and discriminant analysis to investigate the differences between the top universities and Iran universities in the ranking of Leiden in order to identify an approach for reforming. According to the results of each of the indicators such as the p, TNCS, MNCS, P(top 1%), PP(collab), PP(>5000 km) cause the low rank for Iran universities in comparison to the world ones. In addition, the combination of factors such as the number and share of joint international publications, the number of joint publications both short and long distance, citing the share of 1%, the share of international joint publications, joint publishing industry share, the share of joint publications are short, long distance

Because of different characteristics, the research performance comparison of different fields is not possible, but research and technology policy makers need to compare researchers and institutions and evaluate them from various aspects, including capability, performance, efficiency, productivity, and so on. The present work aimed to consider the differences between research performances of various fields and weighting and valuating of scientific production (publications) of that field, justify and normalize them. The method of research is scientometrics and performed with using literature review, content analysis and descriptive-survey techniques. A sample (n=106) of the productive researchers in the years 2008 to 2011 introduced by the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology in four areas: engineering, basic sciences, social sciences and humanities, and medical sciences. According to the questions of research, researchers’ CV (by researcher made checklist) was collected and analyzed. To determine the weight and ratio of publications, Shannon Entropy and AHP methods were used. According to the research findings in the field of engineering, inventions (0.142); in basic sciences , international papers (0.074); in humanities, books (0.174); and also in medical sciences, international papers (0.111) had the most weights rather than other formats. According to the amount and importance of formats in various fields, the weight of publications is different. The value of each format rather than the others, calculated with matrix and by division of obtained weights. With attention to the previous literatures and approved hypothesis of this research about differences between indicators of various field it is necessary to results of the research and weighted publication indicators use for evaluation, monitoring of research performance and assessing the productivity and efficiency of comparison of fields and related disciplines to achieve real results which is based on policy making. According to the changes of publication practices over time and changes in covering of evaluated databases, it is necessary to revise the values and the ratios constantly.

Technology evaluation is one of the main funtions of technology management in all corporations. It contains the assessment of product and/or process technologie's attractiveness as well as the firm's technological capabilities. The result of technology evaluation is normally used for technology strategy formulation. Despite the importance of technology strategy at corporate level which includes investment priorities of corporation, its subsidiaries and the supplier's network in the field of technology, almost all of technology evaluation models and frameworks are designed for single companies and dont consider the situation of suppliers. However, the motives and capabilities of supply chain regarding the development/acquisition and implementation of new technology in the end product should be taken into account by corporations. Otherwise, new product development process at corporate level might fail or become successful in term of time and cost. In this paper, we propose a conceptual model for evaluation of technologies which integrates corporation and it supplier's motives and capabilities regarding a specific technology. By reviewing the literature, interviewing experts from automative industry and then using thematic analysis method, the first draft of proposed model is conceived. The model is subsequently verificated and validated through a focus group. Finally, the applicability of model is confirmed via two case studies.

In the recent years, innovation has become an important indicator of sustainable economic growth in most countries. Therefore, there are different models for evaluating and comparing the national innovation system of countries. This paper is out to represent a model for evaluating the effectiveness of innovation at the nation-wide level by the means of studying the models proposed around the world. For this purpose, a variety of models are studied and the key indicators of national innovation systems are identified. From these indicators, those which are indicated in at least five models are chosen and after interviewing with several elites in this area, the most important key indicators are specified. Using the finalized key indicators, a model including 7 factors and 29 indicators is developed in order to evaluate the amount of innovation at the nation-wide level. There are four groups of base, input, process and output factors. Furthermore, by the use of data’s from different international sources and the conformity factor Analysis method, the aspects and the factors of the model are verified. In the next step, 146 countries were ranked and compared by the use of this model. Finally in each of the 7 factors, Iran’s status was assigned and by the use of the T-Test on the average scores of all countries, the strengths and weaknesses of Iran’s national Innovation system were determined and suggestions for improvement were represented.

Recruitment of students in recent years shows a semi-rapid decline trend in Iranian higher education system. Cause of lack of governmental budget, this situation is critical for nonprofit higher education institutes. It seems these institutes gradually fade if such conditions to be continued , so determination of effective factor in student recruitment has particular importance in future of these institutes . In this study a mixed method of research was used for identification and evaluation of effective factors in student recruitment for 10 years ahead. In the qualitative section, Semi structured interviews were conducted with key informants in nonprofit universities in Iran. Interviews continued to reach theoretical saturation in main categories. Also environmental scanning of these universities during the last decade was used based on archived & documented information (including manuscripts, laws, regulations,…) Results showed that, uncertain factors were classified to four main levels as follows: International (5 categories & 16 sub categories), national (10 categories & 29 sub categories), higher education sectors (5 categories & 30 sub categories) and finally institutional level (6 categories & 34 sub categories). In quantitative section, key informant respondents (including 28 policy makers & 43 beneficiaries) had ranked mentioned levels by evaluation of their importance & uncertainty of 103 sub factors via a questionnaire including a 10 points scale system. Results showed that, there was no significant difference between two group of respondents about values of importance of 4 main levels of factors (p > 0.05). Also policy makers responses showed that national level had the main uncertainty, but beneficiaries’ responses showed that higher education sector level had the main uncertainty.