دو ماهنامه میکروب شناسی پزشکی ایران
سال دهم شماره 1 (فروردین و اردیبهشت 1395)

Recent studies were tested possible role of Helicobacter pylori in iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women but the results of these studies have been different. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the association between H. pylori infection and iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women using meta-analysis.
This study was meta-analysis done based on data bases included: Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, ProQuest, Cochrane, EMBASE, Web of Science, Springer, Online Library Wiley, Chemical Abstracts, EBSCO as well as the Google Scholar search engine in the period 1990 to 2016 by two independent researchers using standard keyword. Then all articles with inclusion criteria were examined .The data were analyzed by using random effects model Meta-analysis method and with the software Stata Ver.11.1.
7 eligible studies with a sample size of 2115 patients were examined. The relationship between H. pylori and iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women was statistically significant and odds ratio (OR) 1.82 (CI: 95%, 1.43-2.30) was estimated. In 3 study Investigated the relationship of H. pylori associated with hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels found H. Pylori is effective in reducing these two variables and the association was statistically significant (P H. pylori plays a role in the etiology of anemia in pregnant women and recommended all anemic pregnant women be checked of H. pylori.

Escherichia coli harboring extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBLs) are significantly resistant to other antibiotics and caused several health problems. The present study was carried out to characterize the ESBL types and to determine their pattern of resistance to four antimicrobial agents in clinical isolates of E. coli.
Material and During April 2012 to May 2013, 500 clinical isolates of E. coli were collected from two hospitals in Boroujerd. Phenotypic screening and confirmation tests for ESBL detection and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Minimum inhibitory concentration of imipenem, meropenem, amikacin and ceftriaxone was determined by the E-test method. All ESBLs producing isolates were examined for presence of the TEM, SHV and CTX-M genes by PCR method.
All of the studied isolates were susceptible to imipenem and meropenem. Additionally, among ESBLs producer isolates good susceptibility to amikacin and ceftriaxone (P-value 0.5) was observed. The prevalence of the TEM, SHV and CTX-M genes among 190 ESBLs producing isolates was as follows: TEM positive: 61 (32.1%), SHV positive: 60 (31.6%) and CTX-M: 62 (32.6%). TEM, SHV and CTX-M genes occurred together in 25 (13.1%) of the isolates.
The high prevalence of E.coli producing ESBL in Boroujed hospitals reported. More than one ESBL was produced by many isolates, and this was correlated with increased resistance levels. Carbapenems continue to show good in vitro activity agent ESBLs producing organism.

Marine microorganisms have an astonishing potential for producing antimicrobial substances against pathogenic bacteria. In this study, isolation and measurement of antimicrobial activity among these microorganisms against some pathogenic bacteria was carried out.
Samples were collected in autumn from the west of the Caspian Sea. Isolated samples were purified and antimicrobial activity among these samples against some pathogenic bacteria were measured by the use of two methods. At the end, genetic substance (DNA) of the strains with antimicrobial effect against pathogenic bacteria was extracted and polymerase chain reaction with universal primers was carried out. Isolated strains were identified by molecular method (16SrDNA PCR sequencing) and the strains were submitted and registered as new marine strains in the NCBI.
Results showed, the strains with antimicrobial activity had a noticeable effect on gram positive bacteria. So that gram positive bacteria were nearly inhibited in all cases but antimicrobial activity was restricted against gram negative bacteria, because gram negative bacteria were inhibited only in few cases. Finally, identification of stains with antimicrobial effect showed, the strains belong to Bacillus genus.
According to this result; we can use marine bacteria for controlling growth of pathogenic bacteria that are resistant to drugs and as a big threat for the human health. Also we can optimize conditions for producing antimicrobial substances among them and we can extract them in industrial conditions for increasing quality and quantity antimicrobial substances in these bacteria for the use in different industries such as pharmaceutical industry.

As lactobacilli possess an antagonistic growth property, therefore they may be used as bioprotective agents for infection control. The aim of this study was to investigate the antagonistic effect of lactobacilli isolated from local dairy.
In this study 26 species of Lactobacilli were isolated from milk, homemade yoghurt and cheese. Each isolated bacteria was tested for its tolerance to acidic environments at pH (2.0, 3.0, and 4.0) and bile salt concentrations (0.3, 0.5 and 1% w/v). Also, isolates were further tested for their antimicrobial activity against common pathogenic bacteria such as Enterococcus feacalis, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus PTCC 1112, Escherichia coli PTCC 1330 and Bacillus cereus PTCC 1015 by using the agar well method. Then the strains that are not only resistant to acidic conditions and bile salts but also have antimicrobial activity, were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing.
In this study, most of isolated Lactobacilli were found to inhibit growth of pathogens (96.15%). 61.5% and 84.62% of isolated lactobacilli tolerated to pH 2 and 0.3% bile salt. Only two strains, 53C and 22CL, were more resistant to pH 2 and high concentration of bile salt. The Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that two strains (53C and 22CL) belong to species of Lactobacillus casei.
According the results the two isolated resistant strains can be employed as probiotic starter in probiotic dairy products preparation.

within recent 15 years, extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) positive agents have caused many infections which could be a serious threat to the antibiotic therapy. The aim of this study is to compare the effect of antibiotics and Cell Free Supernatant (CFS) of Lactobacillus spp. culture on the survival of K. pneumoniae ESBL positive isolates that cause nosocomial infections.
Methods and Materials: The antibiograms were determined for 7 K. pneumoniae clinical isolates (expressing CTX-M, TEM and SHV beta-lactamases) according to Kirby-Bauer method. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration for selected antibiotics were determined according to CLSI guidelines. In order to evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei, L. fermentum, L. plantarum and L. rhamnosus’ CFS on K. pneumoniae isolates, well-diffusion method, MIC and MBC determination were used. To determine the probable effective agent of CFS on inhibition of K. pneumoniae growth, CFS were neutralized and evaluated again according to MODA method.
All K. pneumoniae isolates were resistant to gentamicin, cephalothin, ceftazidime and ciproflpxacin. The CFS of L. plantarum and L. rhamnosus and their acidic metabolites had the most antimicrobial effect.
Functional disorder would occur through enzymes inactivation and increasing cell membrane permeability by the effect of acidic metabolites of CFS, while K. pneumoniae isolates became resistant to some antibiotics with specific site of action. Therefore, CFS of Lactobacillus spp. could be an appropriate alternative for selected antibiotics against these K. pneumoniae isolates.

Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in men and the eighth form of cancer in women. Role of the viral infections risk has been much discussed in recent years. Therefore the aim of this study was to optimize a method based on polymerase chain reaction to detect and evaluate prevalence of herpes simplex virus and papilloma virus in bladder tumors.
forty cases of of the bladder TCC carcinoma in the paraffin from the pathology department of the Doctor Gharazi hospital, malayer were collected in the summer 2014. After deparaffin samples, DNA was extracted from the tissue and the beta-globin gene was amplification for the accuracy of the DNA extracted. The gene specific primers for HPV L1 protein and UL130 gene using by PCR for HSV. To examine the relationship between viruses and cancer incidence, was used chi-square test (X2).
From 40 Carcinoma samples studied 15 cases (47.39%) were men infected with HPV virus, None of the women surveyed have been infected with HPV. HSV wasn’t detected in 40 samples collected.
Considering that independence validation of chi-square test equal to 0.664, and greater than 0.05, correlation between the incidence of HPV virus and no bladder tumor with 95% trust. We also compare the results with in other parts of the world, a lower incidence of HPV infection compared to some other countries were reported.

Vancomycin is one of the last drugs used by human for treatment of infections caused by Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates. Since Staphylococcus aureus with heterogeneous, intermediate and complete resistance to vancomycin are in relation to high mortality rate and are increasing in the world, so investigating the incidence of these isolates is necessary.
By using several phenotypic tests such as Gram stain, catalase, coagulase, DNase and mannitol fermentations and by screening resistance to methicillin, 100 MRSA isolates were identified. For identifying resistance to vancomycin, phenotypic tests with the disc diffusion method, determining MIC by E-test method and screening test in BHIA (Brain Heart Infusion Agar) containing vancomycin and molecular PCR test were carried out in order to identify femB, mecA and vanA genes.
Resistance to methicillin was 59%. Ranges of vancomycin MICs were between 0.75 µg/ml to 4 µg/ml. By E-test method 92% of isolates were sensitive and 8% showed heterogeneous resistance to vancomycin. However, screening tests in BHIA, containing 3 μg/ml and 4 μg/ml vancomycin, detected 18% heterogeneous resistance and 4% intermediate resistance to vancomycin, respectively. In screening tests using BHIA, with 6 μg/ml vancomycin no isolate was able to grow. Although all of the isolates contained femB and mecA genes, but none of them contained vanA gene.
E-test alone was not able to identify all S.aureus isolates of heterogeneous resistance and intermediate resistance to vancomycin. As a result, the screening tests also should be used along with MIC tests.

Burn wound is a susceptible site for incidence of resistant infections. Therefore, research for finding effective drugs against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the leading pathogen causing burn wound infection, is necessary. The current study aimed at investigating the antibacterial effect of herbs including: Daenensis thyme, Chavill (Frulago angulata), and Harmala on burn infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and then comparing the obtained results with the results of selected antibiotics on the infection.
Methods and Materials: Anti-Pseudomonas activity of plants’ extractions was evaluated by well diffusion method. The evaluation of burn wound recovery treated with Peganum harmala and daenensis thyme on burn wounds of albinos. Wound area and recovery percentage was measured. The number of neutrophils and lymphocytes, from all infected groups the sample of blood was obtained.
The measurement results of the zone of inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed better consequences for Thymus daenensis. The number of colonies in the treated group with plants and ciprofloxacin showed significant differences as compared with the control group and the group treated with gentamicin. In counting the white blood cells of infected control group and gentamicin treated group, the number of white blood cells was below the normal level while the number of blood cells in groups treated with medicinal plants and ciprofloxacin were normal.
Based on the obtained results of this study on these plant species and their positive activity on treatment of infected burn wounds, it was concluded that these plants can be considered and used as an anti-Pseudomonas.

Salmonellosis is one of the more common zoonotic diseases that cause diarrhea and systemic infections. Today, antimicrobial resistances are one of the major health problems in human and veterinary medicine which are more in rural areas. The aim of this study was investigation of presence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella species in domestic animals which were herd in rural areas (East Azerbaijan province).
Material and In this study a total number of 250 samples were obtained from domestic ruminant (Including 100 cows, 50 sheep, 50 goat and 50 buffalo) in rural areas. The feces and rectal swab specimens cultured in enrichment and selective media and isolates were characterized by biochemical test and stereotyped by O and H antisera. Salmonella isolates were tested for sensitivities to routine antibiotic by method of Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.
Results and Out of two hundred and fifty samples tested, 15 (6%) were identified as Salmonella strains including S. dublin (7 cases), S. typhimurium (5 cases) and S. enteritidis (3 cases). Many isolates proved multi antibiotic resistance (MAR). In overall, isolating multiple antibiotic resistance Salmonella species at high rates showed apparently healthy ruminant might act as reservoirs and could pose an important public health threat.