نشریه اندیشه و رفتار در روان شناسی بالینی
پیاپی 37 (پاییز 1394)

Language acquisition during the early years controls one’s abilities in communication needs, statements and the expression of emotions. People with profound hearing impairment have behavioral problems with their hearing. The impact of self-regulation as an objective way is shown in children with hearing impairment. The aim of this study is to predict the behavior problems of children with cochlear implants, based on language development, secure attachment and the mediating role of self-regulation. For this purpose in a descriptive study, correlational type, 114 children aged 3-7 years, who had cochlear implants for at least one year were selected from available samples. They were examined in terms of language development, attachment, and self-regulation and behavior problems in preschool children. The results of the path analysis indicated that secure attachment andlanguage development predicts variance of self-regulation. Also language development and secure attachment predicts 52.0 of behavioral problems variance with the mediating role of self-regulation. The results of the study supports predicting behavioral problems in children with cochlear implant based on language development and secure attachment with the mediating role of self-regulation. It seems that this relationship can be considered in reduction of behavioral problems, prevention programs and rehabilitation.

Identifying the type of disorder in the early stages of the disease can be very helpful inchoosing the right treatment. Among them, one of the controversial topics, is the diagnosis and early intervention in mood disorders. This study seeks to examine the degree of ability of bipolar spectrum disorder criteria and distinction of the two depressed unipolar and bipolar groups. For this purpose, in a descriptive study, 114 depressive patients, inpatients and outpatients with mood disorders were selected from hospitals and clinics of Hazrat Rasoul in Tehran, Kargar nezhad in Kashan and Shamim in Mashhad. Data were collectedbased on SCID-I interview, investigating patient’s records and gathering information from the relatives of patients. The results indicated that there is a significant difference between the two groups of depressed unipolar and bipolar in terms of family history of bipolar disorder, recurrent depression episodes, short-term course of depression, early depression era, psychotic depression and hyperthymic personality. From the results of this study it canbe concluded that the criteria for bipolar spectrum disorder may somewhat distinctunipolar and bipolar depression. These criteria can be used as diagnostic criteria for unipolar and bipolar depression.

The proposed changes related to personality disorders in DSM-5 has increased the importance of paying attention to narcissism. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of abnormal personality dimensions in predicting narcissistic personality among students. For this purpose, in a descriptive correlational study, 300 undergraduate students were selected in a form of cluster random. They were tested in terms of narcissistic personality and abnormal personality dimensions. The Pearson correlation coefficient test results indicated that there is a significant correlation among most narcissistic components (power, glaring, hegemony, exploitation, arrogance, entitlement) and total score of narcissistic personality with abnormal dimensions of personality. However, self-sufficiency has no significant relationship with abnormal personality dimensions. The result of regression analysis indicated that except for self-sufficiency, none of the personality dimensions were anticipated. Different abnormal narcissistic personality dimensions significantly predict narcissistic components, In the meantime, especially negative emotions, psychotictemperament and opposition had a greater role, however only opposition was betterable to predict the total score of narcissism. It seems that the presented profile in DSM-5 for diagnosis of narcissistic personality which has opposition as the criteria for the diagnosis of this disorder, mostly includes narcissistic, grandiose type. While other dimensions of abnormal character including negative affection and psychotic temperament are also involved in this disorder.

Mindfulness means paying attention in a particular way, focused both on the target and the time without any judgment. In mindfulness one learns to be aware of each moment of his mental state and to focus his attention on the mind in different ways. Mindfulness-based cognitive-behavioral therapy intervention is considered as a third-generation or third wave. This study examines the effectiveness of mindfulness training on depression, anxiety and depression of female students, in Hamedan city. For this purpose, in a semi-experimental study with pretest-posttest and a control group, 40 female high school students of Hamadan were selected with available sampling method. They were randomly assigned into control and experimental groups. The experimental group underwent 8 sessions of 120 minutes of mindfulness-based stress reduction training. The groups were tested both at beginning and end of the study in terms depression, anxiety and stress. The results of covariance analysis indicated that teaching mindfulness-based intervention reduces the anxiety, depression and stress of students of experimental group. It seems we can reduce student’s anxiety, depression and stress with stress training management based on mindfulness.

Counterfactual thinking literally means contrary to the truth. Counterfactual thinking occurs when a person modifies a real event, and then assess the consequences of that change. It is known that counterfactual thinking creates negative emotions, but they mayalso have beneficial or functional effects. The present study aimed to investigate the counterfactual thinking dimensions of self-esteem and depression among students of Islamic Azad University, Roodehen division. Therefore, based on the assumption of a correlation study, survey type, 400 students (200 males and 200 females) were selected using stratified random sampling. They were tested with the counterfactual thinking for negative events scale, Cooper Smith self-esteem scale and the Beck depression inventory. The results indicated that the upward self- referent thinking and upward non- referent thinking have significant negative correlation with self-esteem. The upward self- referent thinking, downward non- referent thinking, upward other- referent thinking, upward nonreferent thinking have significant positive correlation with depression. Based on counterfactual thinking dimensions, (the upward self- referent thinking, downward nonreferent, and upward other- referent thinking, upward non-referent thinking), a model can be presented for predicting self-esteem and depression.

One of the most important factors associated with suicide is the traces of pathological character in people. Among the three clusters of personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder and borderline personality disorder are the most important disorders that have a role in suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts and a complete suicide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between borderline and schizotypal personality with suicidal thoughts among students. For this purpose, in a descriptive correlational study, 250 students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences were evaluated in terms of borderline personality, schizotypal personality characteristics and suicidal thoughts. Theresult of partial correlation test results indicated that all borderline and schizotypalcharacters have positive and significant relationship with suicidal thoughts. However, only despair, paranoia and dissociative symptoms related to stress and paranoid suspiciousness / social anxiety could significantly predict their suicidal thoughts. According to the results of this research, it can be said that normal individuals who have borderline and schizotypal traits of personalities, should be investigated on their suicidal thoughts. In order to prevent suicide in people with borderline personality characteristics, they should be treated on the properties of their despair and paranoid symptoms. People who have a streak of schizotypal personality, should also be taken into consideration on their paranoid suspiciousness and social anxiety characteristics.

Stress during pregnancy, is among the psychological factors that is affective in the incidence of postpartum depression. One’s perception of stress and copingstyles with stress can greatly effect a person's health. Styles of coping with stress, can affect the outcome of stress as a mediator variable. The aim of this research, was to predict postpartum depression based on perceived stress and coping styles with stress, during pregnancy. For this purpose, in a descriptive study based on regression analysis, 100 pregnant women from Tabriz city were chosen with targeted sampling method and were tested in terms of depression, perceived stress coping style with Stress. Regression analysis indicated that there is a positive correlation between perceived stress and coping style, with postpartumdepression. And these variables explain 35 percent of changes in postpartumdepression. The results indicated that perceived stress and emotion-focusedcoping style have a positive correlation with postpartum depression. But therewas no significant correlation between problem-focused copings styles andavoidant with postpartum depression. It seems with the identification and screening of pregnant women disposable to stress and with training of effective and adapted stress coping style against stress, we can prevent postpartum depression in women.

Anxiety disorders are a group of disorders that their common characteristics is fear and excessive anxiety and subsequent behavioral disturbances. Social anxiety disorder and depression have a high comorbidity. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the formation and persistence of these diseases is very important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the structural relationship of brain - behavior and emotion regulation difficulties with social anxiety disorder and depression. For this purpose, in a descriptive study based on regression analysis, 240 patients (120 males and 120 females) from Tabriz University students were selected by cluster sampling method and they were tested in terms of inhibition / behavioral activation systems, emotion regulation difficulties, depression and panic and phobia. For data analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling was used. Model assessment indicated average fitness of the theoretical model. In contrast, the modified model, in which apart from direct relations, indirect relationships had been established between variables, showed a better fit. Based on the findings ofthe current study and with an emphasis on the mediating role of emotion regulation difficulties we can present theoretical framework to explain the complex comorbidity and the distinction between depression and social anxiety disorder.