Journal of Modern Rehabilitation
Volume:7 Issue: 4, 2014

The human needs speech for making relationship، he achieves speech with linguistic structure including sound، word and more important than other the sentence. In Persian grammar، there are different types of sentences including: imperative، question، active، passive، exclamation. A childe makes sentence with single-word، telegraphic speech and then with composing names and verbs and propositions in his stage of growing and finally he expresses the passive، conditional، compound sentences. Because of no previous study has been done about the age of comprehension passive sentences in Persian language so we decided to run the comprehension passive sentences on normal children. And we got the age of growth about it in normal children then we compared it in hearing impaired children. The aim of this study was to compare for comprehension passive sentences in normal children 3 to8 years old with hearing impaired children 8years old. A total of 691 normal children 3 to 8 years old in central Tehran and 18 hearing impaired children in special schools participated in this test. At first the test was conducted on 30 children، and proved its reliability. This test had 15sets of three pictures and child must show one of those three pictures. At first، two sets of three pictures were performed to child as example and practice then the passive sentence was expressed about it Colloquial and child must show it and if he/she couldn’t، the examiner showed the correct picture and showed next picture as be offered to children should be familiar with the test. The child was described that he/she looked at pictures carefully and showed the correct picture after reviewing all the pictures. In continue، 15 pictures of this test were executes and examiner recorded the results. The highest number of correct responses were for normal children 8years old (Average: 13. 93) and other records were in order for children 7 years old (Average: 12. 51)، 6 years old (Average: 9. 37)، 5 years old (Average: 8. 09)، 4 yeas old (Average: 5. 31)، 3 years old (Average: 3. 61) and the lowest record of correct responses was for the hearing impaired children. The result of this study showed that there is a significant relationship among the ability of comprehension passive sentences and age، birth order، parents education (p<0. 05) but there is no significant relationship between ability of comprehension passive sentences and their gender (p>0. 05) and there is a significant deference between the average of percentage of responses and comprehension passive sentences in hearing impaired children in all the range of ages except 3 years old (p=1. 000). It means that hearing impaired children in comprehension passive sentences are similar to children 3 years old. The result of this study showed there is a significant relationship among the ability of comprehension passive sentences and age، birth order، parents education but there is no significant relationship between ability of comprehension passive sentences and their gender. The results of this study showed the ability of comprehension passive sentences in hearing impaired children 8 years old is like normal children 3 years old too.

One of the complications of breast cancer treatment is ipsilateral upper extremity lymphedema. Secondary lymphedema is a chronic condition that leads to loss of function and disorder of Quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Complex Decongestive Physical Therapy (CDP) on pain severity and quality of life in patients with secondary upper extremity lymphedema after breast cancer treatments. A total 30 women (age 29-70 yrs.) with secondary lymphedema after breast cancer treatments participated in this study. They were referred by general and cancer surgeons to Physical Therapy clinic based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were treated with complex decongestive physical Therapy. This protocol comprises of manual lymphatic drainage (MLD)، compression garments، remedial exercise and skin care for 4-weeks، once per day، 5 days per week. Quality of life and severity of pain were evaluated before and after treatment. The quality of life was assessed with QLQ-C30 questionnaire. The severity of pain was also assessed by Visual Analog Scale (VAS). After 4 weeks treatment severity of the pain are decreased after treatment. The physical and social roles of quality of life (QLQ-C30) were significantly increased (p<0000). Based on the results of this study، utilization of complex decongestive physical therapy (CDP) In upper extremity lymphedema is a useful method for pain relief and increment of quality of life.

Regard with the importance of balance in daily activities especially in sport activities and understanding the important factor affecting it، the purpose of this study was to compare the role of vision system on dynamic postural stability of young women with men elite athletes.

Twenty six young women and men elite swimmer were chosen from the available society. They were divided in two groups according to body mass index. Each subject performed postural stability tests for 6 trials with open and close eyes (3 trials with open and 3 trial with close eyes) that each trial was taken for 30 seconds and with 10 seconds rest between each of them. Balance index in anterior- posterior and medial- lateral directions were calculated and independent t test was used to compare between groups.

Results show that men swimmer are more depended to vision than women swimmer in maintaining retrieval postural stability (p= 0. 001)، while most impairment in maintaining postural stability in both groups occur in lack of vision status in anterior- posterior direction (p= 0. 001).

The findings of this study can be used to design training programs to prepare athletes.

Patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency are divided to coper and noncoper groups. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of perturbation training with traditional rehabilitation on functional tests of lower extremity and knee muscles isokinetic peak torque ratio in two groups of patients with ACL-deficient: coper and noncoper In this clinical trial study، 24 patients with ACL-deficient were divided to two groups: coper and noncoper. They participated in a management plan for 4 weeks، three times a week، including perturbation exercises and traditional rehabilitation (stretching، strengthening، and endurance exercises). Lower extremity functional tests through hop tests and knee muscles isokinetic peak torque ratio were evaluated. After 4 weeks، all the functional tests improved significantly in both groups; and timed 6-meter hop test showed significant improvement in coper group with respect to noncoper grouop (p< 0. 05). There was no significant difference between two groups in knee flexors to extensors isokinetic peak torque ratio; but this ratio was lower and close to normal values in coper group. Perturbation training with traditional rehabilitation improves functional abilities of lower extremity in both groups of coper and noncoper of the patients with ACL-deficient. Probably، the patients of noncoper ACL-deficient have chance to return in some daily activities too.

consider ing based on the presence or absence of swelling of the optic disc، optic neuritis classified nto two types of anterior and retrobulbar optic neuritis. The aim of this study was to compare the visual functions of patients with anterior optic neuritis and retrobulbar optic neuritis. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 48 patients with optic neuritis including 35 patients (26 females) with retrobulbar optic neuritis and 13 patients (10 females) with anterior optic neuritis. Total cases aged ranging from 18 to 45 years old. The patients underwent clinical tests of visual functions، including visual acuity، contrast sensitivity and color vision. The collected data was recorded and statistical analysis was performed by SPSS software. The significance of the differences between two types of the diseases were calculated and compared by independent t-test. The anterior optic neuritis patients were slightly older than the retrobulbar optic neuritis ones (Average30. 6yearsVs26. 6years). Average defect to the visual functions was more severe in anterior optic neuritis in compare to retrobulbar. The visual functions of visual acuity (t=1. 74، P=0. 048) and color vision (t=-3. 00، P=0. 005) were significantly different between two types of the diseases. However، there was not a statistically significant difference (t=1. 64، P=0. 104) for contrast sensitivity as a visual function. In the retrobulbar optic neuritis that there is not a specific appearance of fundoscopy، the visual function of contrast sensitivity can be used as a helpful tool for primary diagnosis of the disease. especially

Proprioceptive problems، visuospatial deficits and muscle weakness are the main causes of weight bearing asymmetry and postural control impairment in chronic hemiparesis patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between center of pressure parameters in quiet standing with eyes open and closed and functional balance tests and symmetry index in these patients.

In this correlation study، 16 stroke patients (mean age: 52. 937±10. 109 years)، were selected by simple non-probability sapling. Force plate، Functional Reach and Timed Up and Go tests and scales were used in order to investigate postural sway parameters in quiet standing، functional balance and symmetry index، respectively.

Moderate to high significant correlation was obtained between Timed Up and Go test and symmetry index and most of the postural sway parameters in eyes closed condition، while Functional Reach test had only moderate significant correlation with standard deviation of velocity (anterior-posterior) and phase plane total. Also symmetry index showed moderate correlation with most of the postural sway parameters.

Current study demonstrates the role of vision and task in correlation between center of pressure parameters، balance tests and symmetry index.

Visual impairment affects people''s quality of life. Since the effect of rehabilitation services is measured by improving in quality of life، this study was performed to evaluate the effect of rehabilitation services on quality of life in the blind.

121 blind and low vision people who covered by Zahedan Welfare Organization were studied by census method in this descriptive analytical study. Data was collected using demographic questionnaire (including demographic information and rehabilitation services information in the people) and quality of life questionnaire for the blind. This questionnaire was translated to Persian by Tavakol et al wich its and validity and reliability was assessed with using content validity and test-re-test method، respectively (0. 89

T-test results showed the mean score of quality of life significantly higher in patients who had rehabilitation service than persons deprived of services (p=0. 03). Mann-Whitney test showed these patients have significantly higher quality of life in mobility domain (p=0. 01) and self-care (p<0. 001).

According to the results، developing rehabilitation services and providing social programs for the blind is suggested.

The Action Observation stimulates mirror neurons. It is the effective acquisition of skills، motor learning and memory formation and this feature can be used to treat injuries such as stroke. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of action observation on the symmetry of weight distribution in lower limbs and stability indices in semi-dynamic stability. This study was conducted in 91 healthy male and female non-athletes aged 20 to 45 years. Data were collected through questionnaires and clinical examinations. Subjects were randomly assigned to men and women with and without film observation. A 3-minute short film was preapared to stimulate mirror neurons in the standing position on the symmetry weight measurement system and Biodex platform system. In film observation group، before and after viewing the film، distribution of weigh bearing on the right and left sides، and dynamic stability indices in two stability levels of 5 and 8 were measured and calculated indices of total، anterior - posterior and medio- lateral indices were obtained. In without film observation group، measurements were performed at the similar time as a film observation group. Percentage weight distribution showed no significant difference between the two groups. The comparison of percentage changes between two groups showed that observation of the film improved significantly total index (p <0. 002) and anterior – posterior index (p <0. 018) in the stability level of 5. Analysis of the results in the separately men and women groups، showed the significant improvement of these parameters only in women group after film observation regardless of film observation، the percentage changes of stability indices showed no significant differences in men groups. Action Observation (by activating the mirror neurons) can be effective methods to improve the balance standing of healthy people on the stable and unstable surfaces. Significant improvement stability indices in women after viewing the film، may suggest the greater sensitivity of women''s mirror neurons related to men.

Nowadays personal lifting assistive devices، in order to reduce the load applied from the lifted weight to muscles - in particular lower back muscles، become more widely used. The objective of our study is to analyze an empirical model of a Weight Lifting Aid Vest (WLAV) during anterior flexion (anteflexion) and studying its effects on reduction of loads on the muscles in particular back muscles. To analyze this، the intensity of signals captured from involved muscles، during the lifting in two case of with and without WLAV، was studied by the use of electromyography amplifier. In this process، 20 subjects who lifted 10-kilogram loads in semi-squatting position were participated. With the use of a tensile-compressive spring، embedded at the back of WLAV، the amount of body stretch and deflection of their hip and knees were measured. The influence of the WLAV on satisfaction during the lifting was studied. Data were collected from electromyography findings from eight involved muscles in back، stomach and feet. The results depicted that there are a overall reduction of 25. 12-percent in activation of all the muscles and particularly a reduction of 57%، 28% and 26. 5% in activation of external oblique، lateral hamstring، and erector spine، respectively. In contrast، there is 11% increase in activation of Gluteus Maximus in the case of usage of WLAV. WLAV can significantly mitigate the activation of back muscles and rate of load insertion on muscles) P<0. 005). It also clarified the tendency of the subjects towards users WLAV) P<0. 005).

One of the important health problems in societies، especially among aged population is osteoporosis. Loss of bone density in bone structures is called osteoporosis which increases the risk of fracture due to a decrease of bone stiffness and bone strength. One of the most common sites for osteoporosis-related fractures is the spine. Current assessment of osteoporosis status is based on bone densitometry tools like QCT (Quantitative Computed Tomography) or DEXA (Dual Energy X-ray absorptionmetry). With these methods it is only possible to estimate density regardless of the morphology of trabecular constructing parts (rods and plates). The microstructure of cancellous bone in the vertebrae can be varied based on age، sex، race، etc. The cellular solids theory is a common procedure to model porous materials and we have attempted to present a model parametrical for trabecular bone as a rod like structure based on cellular solids method. In order to model trabecular bone as foam، like what exists in vertebrae core، a finite element code has been written by APDL capability in ANSYS. This parametric code can produce different lattices that can represent various structural and material properties. Then each cubic sample was loaded under compression displacement to failure point to obtain the stress-strain curve. The stress-strain curve is used to calculate mechanical properties of simulated bone model. In order to compare with experimental results، the model has been reconstructed for 6 bone samples were taken from two different vertebrae donors; one has 78 years old and the other one has 91 years old then stiffness and strength predictions have been done. The results have shown that the mechanical properties of experimental results fall between lower and upper limits of model output and it is due to unknown connectivity level for all samples. The model is capable of presenting a band for mechanical properties. Plus the lattices that simulated bone samples taken from cadavers can predict stiffness and strength better than density-based relationships for mechanical properties. According to the findings of the current study، the strength and stiffness or other mechanical properties of trabecular tissues in vertebrae are highly affected by many parameters like material specification of bone tissue and morphology characteristics like connectivity. It can be concluded that risk of fracture in vertebrae is a function of various factors beyond the bone mineral density that is evaluated by measurements such as DEXA and QCT. This has been shown that our cellular solid model may improve the assessments of mechanical properties of trabecular bone structures.