فصلنامه سیاست
سال چهل و یکم شماره 1 (پیاپی 17، بهار 1390)

In this article, by investigating the nature of post national companies and their status in international political economy it is attempted, to show that great evolution has been occurred in diplomacy and persons having role in it and by entering these companies into field of international relations two additional aspects have been added to diplomacy other than diplomacy of governments: company government & company- company diplomacy. Also we intend to prove that by entring of post national companies, it will not result to development in countries of world specially developing countries. rather by investigating a kind of government which is called developing based government that is particular to developing countries. we will show that characteristics of this government and kind of its exchange with post national companies will result in bringing development in such countries.

This article examines capacity of rational dialogues to achieve ethical universalism. In positive attitude, rational ability considered as most important reason for possibility of achievement to common social-political norms and rights. Rational dialogue, by creating a suitable space for dialogue beyond the private interests and involvement of state power; searches consensus on foundation of social ethics via reforming processes and practices to ensure it. But in negative attitude, ethical pluralism is considered integral part of human societies. In a narrative, this lies in self-specification of life's real goals and denying any kind of rational choice, and in another narrative, denying rationality links to any kind of goal-oriented ethic that endues background features and different social ones to that identity.

After the collapse of the left extreme ideological camp (communism) in leadership with soviet union in 90’s; That must be consider along the collapse of the right extreme ideological camp (fascism) in the mid of twentieth century; the middle right ideological camp (liberalism) in leadership of industrial world countries, to celebrate this victory along with globalization age. In the meantime, political – Economic theories of this camp with individualism theory wanted to gather other moderate ideologies around centers of global free market, minimal state, fundamental freedoms and human rights. This article with emphasizing on individualism, want to create an neutral image from this theory in three dimensions of materialistic, psychological and social basis of individualism. Then wanted to have a critical rethinking to all individualistic views such as individual benefits and welfare state together with all it’s taking sides related to freedom, democracy, pluralism, nationalism, feminism and ideology.

A superficial glance at graduate-level entrance exam items and results (1387) for Political Science has led me to formulate the following question: To what extent is the process of test construction compatible with the scientific fundamentals of test construction process. The present research aims, on the whole, to upgrade the validity of the exam items and to prevent its dire consequences. The exam items studied were analyzed on the basis of the following criteria: (1) content validity (2) educational objectives (3) exam references; (3) item construction procedures. Results from the analyses indicate that the majority of the subjects chosen for the exams were lacking in content validity. Repetitive items tended to resurface on regular basis. Also, the items only test candidates on the subjects chosen at a superficial level. Furthermore, the analyses of the alternatives (choices) showed that some of the items had all their choices wrong or the very correct answers were incorrect content-wise. The results seem to strongly suggest that the items themselves have to analyzed carefully a posteriori to identify possible problems to be cleared for the exams to come.

In recent decades, foreign policy of Middle East countries has been deeply affected by increasing ethnic and religious identities. On the other hand, realist approach has still remained as dominant logic for analyzing of politics in this region. This article based on constructivist approach, analyses the impact of ethnic identity factor on foreign policy of Middle East states and emphasizes on influence of domestic policy such as ethnic demography and ethnic policy on foreign policy of these states on effects of identity ideational factors.

Despite the prediction of various organizations of governance, based on Separation of Power System under the supreme leader’s supervision and determination of rights and obligations of each one in the 1979 Constitution, a longtime experience showed that some duties and decisions with full respect to the law could not be easily applicable. During this period, there were a lot of deadlocks and tensions that resolve and elimination of those, had been essential to stabilize the system.Expediency discernment council after some makeshifts, established based on Imam Khomeini's decree on 6 February 1988 and legally stated upon therevision to the 1989 revision of constitution. This paper attempt to discuss about the infrastructures and conflict discourse in negotiations of Constitution’s revision council, toward the consolidation of this foundation.

Modernity is a reality that formed in framework of the enlightenment movement and histo-cultural context of west European countries as an internal process. Because of the disseminating nature of modernity, its waves spread across the non-western countries. This article focuses on the outcomes of imported Modernity in Intellectual level of the non-western countries. For analyzing this topic, Russia and Iran have been selected as case studies. In this framework, I argue the imported modernity, after an imitation and infatuation period, caused an Identity Crisis within intellectuals. Looking for a way to overcome the crisis, Russian and Iranian intellectuals, under the impact of the German anti-enlightenment thinkers, called to returne on authentic culture and so they denounced imitation of western models. In this research, historical sociology is used as methodological framework, since historical sociology is the best approach for doing a comparative study which stresses on cultural elements.

The main purpose of this Article is to investigate the role of the great powers in the eight- year's old war between Iran and Iraq.Due to the nature of the various variables involved in this study, we have to employ political as well as international theories. Because of the effect on international political order on this war, it was realized that the approach taken by the neorealism including wars was more appropriate. With the help of this approach, we can indentify the anarchy international actors and their subsequent influence on the Iran- Iraq war. We address, for example, study and consider foctors such as the balance of power amongst the great powers, rules and regulations governing sanctions and the role of the Security Council in the conflict. How all of them influenced the conduct of the war by the two actors. The final objective of the Article is to show the compatibility of the neorealism theory in describing the international arm conflict including the Iran- Iraq war.

Modernity has been interpreted from different angles. Scholars such as Derida and Lyotard talk about the end of modernity and the beginning of a new era called post-modernism, though thinkers like Habermas do not believe in that.Habermas who do not believe in the end of modernity and the beginning of post-modernism, finds modernism as the only way to human liberty who has chosen a wrong path and asserts that its superficial face should be reconstructed. In the search to find a solution for this situation, Habermas proposes two matters: “dialog in the public domain” and “Dialogic democracy theory”. His theory has attracted criticisms which are of considerable importance in political thinking domain. Lyotard criticized Habermas’s “dialogic democracy theory”, particularly the concept of oriented integration in this theory. The purpose of the present article is to criticize Habermas’s theory. We made use of analytical research method since the aim of our research was to analyze and probe into Habermas’s theory, our criticism on that with regard to the original text and its interpreters. Therefore this research is to clarify two important concerns: first to distinguish the kind of school in which these scholars fit, say, modernism or post- modernism and second their different perspectives toward issues of “language’ and “linguistic turning’.In fact Habermas uses communicative and dialogic language, while Lyotard make use of ‘language plays” and “linguistic relativity”. Ultimately Lyotard’s criticism of Habermas’s theory is based on this “linguistic relativity”.The final purpose of the present research is to analyze Habermas‘s dialogic democracy theory in a comprehensive way and to show its unique position in Habermas‘s liberal thinking.

Globalization, as the most important change at recent age, depends on developing of science, technology and information. It has several effects on aspects of human activities such as social and political studies and changing ideas. Moreover, power, the central concept in politics, has confronted different approaches. So, any subject, e.g. political development, needs re-definition and re-explanation. It includes three subjects: its necessity, the differences between government and governance, and organizing of governance. Governance evolves all factors which relates in political development in a global domain. As a result, people, political institutions, governments and non- governmental organizations participate in policy making process by considering national, local, International and global orientations. Accordingly, there are some non-reductionism theories for development.

Globalization can be studied is in the extents of technologic, economic, political and cultural. The aim of this paper is survey effect of Information & Communications Technologies (part of the technical and technologic area) on the political component of national sovereignty. For this purpose, this question were designed that "the emergence and expand of Information & Communications Technologies what have affected the political component of national sovereignty?" In other words, with the emergence and spread of Information & Communications Technologies what change in power and status of state - nations, nature of governments and the concepts of security and power have been done?With the survey of different theoretical approaches, the research hypotheses was changing role of state and weaken it, expand and strengthen democracy and the concept of software security and power being affected by new information and communications technologies according to the Hypothesis was shown.

"Disagreement over succession" has been the deciding factor in divergence among Shiites, and led to the formation of Ismaili sect. Although this sect has played an influential role in the muslim socio-political life, little work has been done to analyze it from a political perspective. This article suggests that the concept of "Imam" is the nodal point of the Ismaili political discourse, and all the other concepts and subsidiary signifiers bear an "intentional" relation to it and gain importance due to it. Depending on the time necessities and the expediency of the dominant political discourse, the Ismaili Imam was either absent or present. On no conditions, however, should his decrees which give meaning to Ismaili cosmos be disregarded. Adopting a phenomenological approach, this article aims to give a general view of the Ismaili political thought and explore its relationship with the constituent concept of Imam.

Achaemenian's imperia (government) were established in 550 B.C, by the Median crash, by Cyrus the great. By the first battle that redounded to Median crash, Cyru's basic theory in internal and external diplomacy, it means, "tolerance and forbearance" was founded. Kings were nearly next to this policy. Campuses followed the territorial expansion policy and after the capture of Egypt followed his fathers soft policy. Darius transformed "tolerance and forbearance" to political doctrine and endeavored to the methods peaceful ways to reach his goals.Following the attacks Xerxes to Greece Delos confederacy led by Athens, was formed. First Artaxerxes followed the consistency and patience policy. Second Darius and Second Artaxerxes adopting the policy "divide and rule". Finally, with Macedonian attacks on Darius III, Achaemenid Empire sun life, fell.

The vast violation of humans’ fundamental rights and freedoms including political suppression, social discrimination, intolerance and endurance towards minorities (religious, ethnic and so on), marginalization of opposition voice from any sort and so on is one of substantial causes in shaping and developing the aggressive and terrorist actions. On the other hand, the aggressive actions generally named as “terrorism” –either direct or indirect- lead to violation of human rights and the citizens fundamental freedoms. Put exactly, since dealing/meeting with terrorist crimes must be carried out systematically and consistently, and requires the relatively severe measures (as compared with other crimes), sometimes there is an anxiety that states (even systems based on democracy and rule of law) may lose rationality and moderation way and in framework of combating terrorism, the state itself commit violating or limiting the human rights. Human rights are threatened by both terrorists and the states victimized by terrorist actions. Therefore face with a kind phenomenon of terrorism-human rights circularity. Thus the main purpose of this article is to describe and explain the causal relation between these two concepts and to present the appropriate solutions in order to meet this global problem.

The thought and viewpoint of Imam Khomeini about government and political system and the impacts of traditional or modern viewpoints on his thought always has been important for scientists and theory makers.For accurate understanding of imam's thought, one of the best ways is surveying imam khomeini's viewpoints about the bases and essential elements of the "Modern state": sovereignty, government, territory and nation. This survey pointed out to the comprehensiveness and priority of imam's thought to the west scientist,s viewpoints about the bases of state.

Iran's foreign policy discourse of "Islamic democratic peace" changed to "justice-oriented fundamentalism" during the years 1384 - 1387. Notable features of the new discourse include questioning international norms, adopting aggressive approach towards the West, particularly the United States, revising the policies of Iran by giving priority to relations with nations and movements seeking justice around the world. This article applies "coherence model" of "James Rosenau" to explain this change and argues that the international system and individual factors (Ahmadi-nejad's character and beliefs) play a more significant role than other factors (role, state and community).

Considering increment in fundamentalism movements in recent decades, especially in Islamic society, objective of this work is to survey and analyzing effect of social crisis and globalization on development of fundamentalism movements in Egypt. This assay is up to answer that what is the role of social crisis as major variant and globalization as intensifier on emergence of fundamentalism movements in Egypt? The hypothesis is that a set of social crisis and globalization are the major factors in emergence of such movements in Islamic society and Egypt. To this end we’ve presented the issued in abstract, then we have worked on discuss theoretical frame and definitions and meaning, and then we will work on the effect of social crisis and globalization on emergence of fundamentalism in Egypt. And finally we will finish with conclusion.

One of the basic subjects in political sociology of every society is the nature of stat in that society.The states have different economical social culture and political nature.The essay studies the political nature of the state in studies the political nature of the state in iran during Pahlavi period, from the view point of transition to democracy.The aim of study the political nature of the state here is to example the implementation of peoples sovereignty and the interaction between citizen and government.The basic question in this approach is to illuminate that the political nature of the state in Pahlavi`s period in iran in that what discourse or semi-discourse frame works shapes.The author`s hypothesis is that the type of relation between people and government has determining role in political nature of the system from the view point of transition to democracy.In this regard, the nature of the state in iran this the refered period has been expose to the changes and therefore, in the process of democratization in this period has experienced the frameworks of pseudo-modern despotic state, discourses and semi-discourses of authoritrain-bureacratic state, autocrat state and rentier authoritarian state

All of us have heard about the Asian South East miracle many times. In the situation that dependency and world system theories was whimpering over the third world countries, the countries of this region experienced highest economic growth in history in according to WB. Many of researchers believe that this have been achieved by making economic development prior and suspending other development aspects. In this article we are trying to inquire this problem in different aspects and demonstrate that economic development in this region has been not only accompanied by cultural development and political reforms but also rooted in mentioned fields. Thus we have adopted Weberian framework of development theory to show different aspects of development are interacted and enabled only on an appropriate context of developed culture and reformed political system.

Sanctions as a tool to pressure and coercion in promotion of foreign policy goals in mind and its literature has been introduced as one of the most arguable and non-definitive literature on international relations. According to the available space on domestic and international sanctions against Iran, this study has tried some of these new approaches and perspectives in relation to the efficiency of sanctions, particularly economic sanctions from the perspective of international political economy and to explain.