فصلنامه سیاست
سال چهل و ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 38، تابستان 1395)

What should be done to establish a state in its true sense? The political science literature is full of simple and complex solutions- economic, sociological, political and cultural – to establish it. Although we cannot deny the importance of these theories to be, but the fact is that its application in many countries is at best led to heterogeneous and inconsistent communities. While this can be explained in terms of different scientific disciplines, from the perspective of this paper, it should be due in the absence of a comprehensive and coherent intellectual tradition. Without a coherent intellectual tradition, you cannot expect to form a real modern state. If you require a State of this type, Political philosophy as the first human intellectual effort to rationalize the politics can still be considered. To focus on political philosophy and exploring the nature of it, the present article tries to pay an attention the potential possibilities of this school for the establishment of a modern intellectual state.

Although there had been consensus on defining the democracy as "the people govern themselves", but objective implication of such vision have seen controversial. Nowadays, this conflict is refer to two principal approach: 1)The "explainatory/methodological" approach that defines democracy as an institutional mechanism for turn-in politics by people's Vote. 2) The "normative/ontological" approach that considers democracy as a kind of form of life, which is based on liberty and equality, that is due to expanding the scope of democratic inclusiveness onto all strata. In this essay compares the "polyarchy", as a modern pluralist democracy (the case for first approach) with the "radical democracy", as a postmodern pluralist democracy (a case for second approach);Supposing that Laclau & Mouffe's radical democratic project might be interpreted as the revival of the original ideals of democracy, based on the postmodern turn and shift in political analysis base, by going beyond from restricted / behavioral tradition of classic pluralism in the vision of thinkers like Robert Dahl.

Liberal thinkers believe that one of the main features of liberal Public philosophy is the Liberal state neutrality among competing Attitudes of happiness. Hence, one of the liberal ideals is that state refrains to determine the public goods and guiding people towards a particular virtue and so state remains neutral among opposition and competing views in this regard. By studying the books and articles of some liberal thinkers and liberal critics, this article shows that neutrality of state, as some scholars have thought, is not simple and solved. The works of these scholars show that the determination of the accepted and exact meaning of liberal neutrality is more Problematic. Indeed neutrality of state in liberal thought face with the problem and complexity that called problematic confusion. The results showed that the efforts of liberal thinkers in this field have been unsuccessful and the main characteristic of liberal state is faced with a serious dilemma. The present article studies this liberal concept.

According to human rights organizations, inspite of active human rights organizations efforts in the United States, the US government breaches the rights of many American and non- American citizens throughout the world. This article tries to show that the breach of human rights is breach of domination of neo-conservatism in the western capitalist countries in the past few decades which believes in inequality of human being in the social, economic and political spheres. While principles of human rights believe in equality of man in all spheres of life. It should be noted that neo-conservatism here means a political, social and economic line of thought in reaction to welfare states programs of the western countries after the world war II, which has a different meaning from neo-conservatism in the usual sense.
This made of thinking believes in inequality of human races, trade free from any government interference, reducing taxes, anti- feminism, exerting control over different aspects of human line including interception of cyber space and people’s communication.

One of the important issues in the Middle East Country is trying to establish or revive nuclear program over the past few years. This Subject can have peaceful or military dimension & components of power and security can be affected. the Regional Country Insisted on its being non-nuclear by 2006. But from this time, gradually altered the traditional approach of these countries on the nuclear issue and the effort is beginning to move toward nuclear Programs. This study seeks to answer to this question that - How will increased energy security resulting from the expansion of nuclear energy program in the region improve the security of the Middle East? The presumption is that regional nuclear energy program of the Middle Eastern states, Will improve the regional Security and then proliferate the attainment of sustainable economic development goals.

This paper is about to discover the roots of formation of one of the political and social phenomena called political party in a particular period of Iranian contemporary history. In the light of this kind of study we can go beyond the superficial and general analyses which are the characteristic of traditional and under developed societies unfortunately these analyses are used to justify all the phenomena and it’s clear that they often have too simple and misleading results. Studying the way of forming a particular political party leads to a better understanding of it. The main question of this study is the way of forming Kargozarane Sazandegi party and the role of the modernization of Hashemi government to explain this matter among common theories, the modernization theory is used as the theoretical basis and the method is also the analysis of the secondary data. The results of this research indicate that there is a relation between the modernization of Hashemi government and the formation of Kargozaran party. The modernization of Hashemi government created considerable changes in the criteria in Iran which led to the renewed of a new orange class and the formation of Kargozaran party and its continuing victories in different elections. This modernization also provided field of the emergence of Kargozaran party as the main defendant of political and economical reforms, social liberties and cultural tolerance in the political environment of Iran.

This paper investigates the possibility of adopting Iran’s constitutional jurisprudence with deliberative democracy. It claims the existence of an epistemological potentiality that can make it logically achievable to approach to deliberative democracy from an Islamic Shi’a jurisprudential stand point. To examine this claim it focuses on epistemological comparisons between the two disciplines. It argues that we both there is a same procedural orientation by which these disciplines are trying to implement main values of justice and freedom as the standard framework for creating a defendable, and consequently, an acceptable law-based society. The paper results although these two disciplines are different in depicting their ideal society still there are some methodological chances for thinking of an Islamic jurisprudence adoptable with deliberative democracy.

After World War II, the people and European governments got disappointed from radical right groups, and their activities were banned. However, during the past decade, we witness the strengthening the social base of the mentioned political parties which are seeking power in different European countries. The reason why these groups have come to power is due to a variety of factors causing important implications for the European countries particularly for the Europe Union. This article is going to deal with the most important causes leading these groups to power and its consequences.
Based on the findings of this research, it seems that some factors including immigration and economic crisis have had direct impact on the reemergence of radical right parties. Increase in objection toward the trend of immigration to European countries and integration in the European Union are among the most consequences of the rise of these parties.

The Capitalism Free Market System is a system that has gone beyond the Ideal level and has realized in all over the world. Although it has some achievement for mankind, it has lost its function due to its role in destruction of environment. The theoretical bases of this system are lead to this negative operation. The Islam Universal System is an ideal system that its theoretical bases, that are originated from Quran, prophet and imam’s conduct, will lead to perfection, in addition to keep balance environment. By investigation of Islamic System theoretical foundations compared to Free Market System theoretical foundations it could be found that Islamic System will able to solve current global ecological crisis, unlike Free Market System. This article will explain main origins of this crisis and then propose a fundamental solution for this crisis, in addition to describe the current ecological crisis.

Todays western accuse islam and muslims to violence and radicalism to frighten people of islam. In the interim however radical performance some of grops that know themselves muslim, it has not ineffective for bad picture of Mohammads religion, but for two reasons this subject not related to Islamic current: first, majority of muslims and Islamic religions don’t confirm these grops and hate them. Second, there are a lots of evidence for direct or indirect supports of western powers to them. This research while deny assertion relation between islam and radicalism, from solution of consept of this evidence, serch real reasons of violence and terrorism in the world, to inside nature of western capitalism and liberalism regime.

Iran and US relationship has always been significantly important to both sides and its ups and downs and the reasons behind have constantly attracted the attention of the researchers and thinkers on international relations. Despite the existence of some opportunities to improve common regional relations and interests, the intellectuals in both countries have been mainly concerned about the change in Iran and US relationship from being strategic allies to becoming strategic enemies alongside an increase in hostilities even to the extent of taking military actions. The purpose of this paper is to analyze inimical relations between Iran and Israel and the peace process in the middle east and the effect of the negative position of the Islamic Republic of Iran about Israel and the middle east peace process on the continuance of the Iran and US disturbed relationship.

Stereotype is misunderstandings about people with personality, behavior, attitudes, competencies, and in connection with any group (gender, race, class, status, location). Includes any type of cognitive stereotypes toward people and other groups, but misconceptions and inaccurate information contained on them. In other words, people may even have some limited information or ambiguous, in the process of molding or exaggerate some facts to consider and generalize.
The main issue of this paper is to understand the reasons and grounds for the formation of attitudes and ideas that each of us got stereotyped and stereotyped in relation to the surrounding environment and to pass them. Understanding and assessing the associated factors such as gender, age, location, economic status, employment status, education level, field of study and stereotypes main purpose of this article. In this study will be presented with the application of a survey, the views of the people (students of University of Tehran) about the identity of the community groups understand and analyzed.

This study attempts to explore the development and evolution of Mackinder's geopolitical thinking in world politics of British Empire and its influence thereafter. This research paper examines the characteristics of geopolitical perspective of Britain, through Halford Mackinder's Heartland theory during the three periods of the early twentieth century to the present time. In this regard, the paper will review variables of territorial status, power, geopolitical rivalries, and geopolitical determinism to explore the core thesis of Mackinder's geopolitics and implications of British international politics today. The article approaches realism/neorealism for understanding the role of Mackinder's geopolitical considerations in Britain's global politics. The Author argues that Mackinder primarily tried to identify geopolitical advantages and disadvantages of Great Britain, and then, finding solutions to sustain British Empire's life and prevent its decline. The findings show that interactions of identified factors played a role in policy development and geopolitical rivalries with other European powers. This article suggests that the foreign policy decisions of British statesmen have largely influenced by Mackinder's geopolitical variables in terms of balance of power and the continuity of Britain's influence during the Empire and in the present time in some parts of the world, including Eurasia and the Middle East. It suggests that Mackinder's theory is extensively used in international politics of America and Britain since the end of the Cold War.