فصلنامه پژوهشهای زراعی در حاشیه کویر
سال چهاردهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1396)

A field experiment was conducted in 2016 at Damavand county in Tehran province to study the effects of foliar application seaweed extract (Basfoliar Kelp sl) as first factor and foliar sulfur trioxide (K-leaf) as second factor on grain yield, oil content, biological yield, number of sub shrubs, number of pods on sub shrubs, dry weight, seed 1000 weight and harvest index of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) var. Natalie. This factorial experiment was implemented in a randomized complete block design with three replications and 12 treatments. The foliar sprays was applied thrice (3-5 leaf, stem elongation and an thesis stages) at different concentrations involving 0, 1, 2 and 3 l.ha of seaweed extracts (namely Ecklonia maxima) and 0, 1.5 and 2.5 l/ha sulfur trioxide (So3). Foliar applications of seaweed extract, except harvest index (HI), significantly enhanced the yield, physiologic and morphologic parameters. Also So3 spraying significantly enhanced number of sub shrubs, number of pods on sub shrubs, oil content and grain and biological yields. Interactions between two factors with the application of 3 l/ha seaweed extract as well as 2.5 l.ha sulfur trioxide, affected significantly with making 48.96% grain oil compared to the control (45.95%) on oil content increase (6%) and also 167.6 pods compared to the control (64) on number of subshrubs pods growth (62%).

In order to study of lead and cadmium effects onseed germination and enzyme activities an experiment was conducted in seed laboratory of department of agronomy in Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran in 2015 on seed corn. The experiment was installed in a completely randomized design, with treatments arranged in a factorial scheme with five levels of lead (0, 10, 40, 700 and 100 μM.Lit-1) by five levels cadmium application (0, 10, 40, 700 and 100 μM.Lit-1), with three replicates. The results showed that lead and cadmium effects treatment significantly for all experimental traits. Also with increased concentrations of heavy metals decreased germination percentage, germination rate , plumule dry weight, radicle dry weight, α-amylase enzyme and phosphatase enzyme activity, by contrast catalase enzyme activity was increased. Also interaction between lead and cadmium effect showed the lowest and greatest germination rate respectively 5.68 and 8.92 (Seed per day), radicle dry weight 0.34 and 0.66 (g), α-amylase enzyme 3.3 and 5.9 (IU. g FW-1) and phosphatase enzyme 0.9 and 4.3 (IU. g FW-1) activity was obtained when seed corn was exposure in 100 μM.Lit-1 to lead and cadmium used together respectively.

In order to investigate the effect if lead and cadmium contamination on seed germination and seed vigor of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) yusof, a factorial experiment in randomized blocks design was conducted in triplicate. The factors included pbcl2 at three levela,[0, 60and 120 µmol/L] and cdcl2 at four levels[0, 30, 60 and 90 µmol/L].The results showed that simple effect of pbcl2 on final germination, cathalase and phosphatase was significant(at 1%). Simple effects of pbCl2 on wet stem weight, cathalase and phosphatase (at1%) and on root lenghth. and phosphatase (at 5%), wet and dry shoot weight were significant (at 1%), Comparison of interaction effects lead chloride, cadmium chloride showed that The maximum and lowest fresh weight of shoot is 1.029 g , 0.551g related to treatment without the use of lead chloride and cadmium chloride and with treatment of 120 micromoles per liter of lead chloride and 60 micromoles per liter of cadmium chloride respectively. The highest and lowest of dry weight 0.259 gr and 0.074g were non-use cadmium chloride and non-use of lead chloride and 120 micromoles per liter of lead chloride and 60 micromoles per liter of cadmium chloride treatments, respectively. The max and min root length were related to 10.58 mm and 2.45 mm amount of treatment without the use of lead chloride, cadmium chloride and lowest related to treatment with 120 micromoles per liter of lead chloride and 60 micromoles per liter is cadmium chloride. In acid phosphatase, the highest amount with 3.33 international units per gram fresh weight of tissue in the treatment of 60 micromoles per liter of cadmium chloride and lead chloride, and avoiding the use of cadmium chloride and lowest amount with 0.66 international units per gram of fresh weight related to the treatment of 120 micromoles of lead chloride per liter × is used at a rate of 90 micromoles cadmium chloride per liter. In general, decries of plant growth are due to high concentrations of heavy metals, chloride atmosphere of lead and cadmium chloride. In this study, the best treatment is avoiding the use of lead chloride, and avoiding the use of cadmium chloride.

In order to evaluate the effects humic acid and Biomin on yield and yield components of two barley cultivars conditions water stress experiment was. conducted in the city Damghan. In this experiment was conducted a split split plot randomized complete block design with three replications. The samples were cut water treatments (control and with held irrigation stage BBCH41) as the main plot and two varieties of barley (Kavir and Nusrat) as sub-plot and applied at four levels (control, Humax, Biomin, Humax and Biomin 50: 50) as sub-sub-plot. A result showed that the Effect of water deficit on spike, grain number per spike, 1000 grain weight and grain yield was statistical level of one percent means was significant. Effect of cultivar apart from yield traits in other traits (number per spike, grain number per spike and grain weight) in the statistical level of significance was five percent means. Comparison showed that the highest was obtained the Nusrat cultivar spraying in the treatment Humax Biomin spike characteristics, yield treatment. The Max amount was achieved interaction of stress × cultivars × spraying showed that Nusrat the irrigation and spraying treatments humax biomin in spike (4.36 N.o), grain number per spike (46.8 N.o), 1000 grain weight (45.06 gr) and green yield (8998.7 Kg.ha)

One of the constraints in development of cowpea cultivation in growing areas of this crop is soil salinity. In order to investigate the effect of salinity on germination and seedling growth of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), an experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design with 4 replications. The study was carried out June 2013 at the genetic and gene nation bank laboratory of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran. Treatments were including of 4 levels of salinity (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM), 15 genotypes of cowpea (mashhad, omid bakhsh1, omid bakhsh 2, 001, 002, 7245, 7254, 7262, 7288, 7244, 7256, 7291, 7289, 7278 and 7305). The results showed that the effects of genotypes and salinity levels on different measured traits were significant at 5% probability level. Germination under saline conditions gave significant reductions for each treatment tested. The interaction effects of genotype and salinity, cultivar Mashhad in 150 mM NaCl salinity had the highest final germination percentage (84 %) and vigor germination (8.1). Also, the highest and lowest germination rate in high salinity (150 mM NaCl) had obtained in 7291 (5.3 seed per dar) and omid bakhsh 2 (3.7 seed per dar) cultivar, respectively. Increasing NaCl applications generally decreased the fresh and dry weight of Plumule and fresh and dry weight radicle. In high salinity level (150 mM NaCl), the highest of fresh and dry weight of Plumule had obtained in cultivar Mashhad (0.76 and 0.995 gr). Decrease in Plumule and radicle weight by NaCl application is due to increase in osmotic pressure of soil and decrease in availability of soil water because of NaCl Genotypes mashhad and 001 in NaCl salinity were evaluated as the most resistant and susceptible genotypes, respectively. Based on the results of this experiment, there is necessary genetic diversity among the Cowpea genotypes of Iran for selection of salinity resistant cultivars.

To investigate the effect of lead and camium contamination on sorghum germination cul.Kimia, a factorial experiment designed as randomized complete blocks with three replications were conducted in the laboratory of Agricultural Faculty of Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Pishva. Factors included lead chloride (0 (P0), 60 µmol. L (P1), 120µmol.L(P2)) and cadmium chloride (0 (C0), 30µmol. L (C1) , 60µmol.L (C2), 90 µmol.L(C3)). The results showed that lead chloride had significant effect on final germination percentage, root fresh weight; shoot fresh weight at 5%. And on dry weight of shoot, root length catalase 1%. Simple effect of cadmium chloride on root fresh weight, dry weight of shoot, and root length was significant at 5% and catalase, acid phosphatase, and &-amylase at 1%. The interactive effects of lead chloride and cadmium chloride were significant on shoot dry weight and root length at 1% but not significant on other attributes. Comparison of interaction effects lead chloride, cadmium chloride on the root length showed that the maximum value is 4mm related to treatment of non-use of cadmium chloride and non-use of lead chloride and lowest related to 1.8 mm with treatment of 120 µmoles per liter of lead chloride and 90 µmoles per liter of cadmium chloride. The comparison of average interaction effects of lead chloride and cadmium chloride on dry weight of shoot showed that the maximum value of 0.018g is related to treatment of non-use of lead chloride and 60 µmoles per liter of cadmium chloride and lowest related to 0.001g with treatment of 120 µmoles per liter of lead chloride and 90 µmoles per liter of cadmium chloride. The best performance was seen in traits related to treatment.

In order to evaluate of sowing date and fertilizers, super phosphate triple and zinc sulfate on quantitative yield of annual medics (Medicago scutellata cv. Robinson) in summer cropping, an experiment was conducted as split factorial arranged in completely randomized block design (CRBD) with four replications in crop season 2011-2012 research farm of agriculture faculty of Lorestan university in Khorramabad. The main factor was the sowing date in two level T1: (20th June) and T2: (16th July) and the sub factor was fertilizer super phosphate triple in three levels (P0=0, P1=150 æP2=250 kg.ha-1) and fertilizer zinc sulfate in three levels (Zn1=0, Zn0=50æ Zn2=100 kg.ha-1). The results showed that, triple interaction effects of sowing date, super phosphate triple and zinc fertilizer on the biological yield and 1000 seed weight were significant in 0.01 probable levels. Also triple interaction had significant effect on seed yield and harvest index in 0.05 probable levels. The mean comparison of the triple interactions on the biological yield showed that the highest biological yield (3504.6 kg.ha-1) was obtained in (T2P1Zn1). Therefore it is recommendable treatment in the annual medic to production of dry forage. Also the mean comparison of effects showed that highest seed yield (807.9kg.ha) was obtained in (T2P2Zn1) and lowest seed yield obtained in (T2P1Zn0). Therefore treatment (t2p1zn1) recommendable for production of dry forage and production seed treatment (T2P2Zn1) recommendable.