مجله تولید گیاهان زراعی
سال چهارم شماره 1 (بهار 1390)

The new cereal, primary tritipyrum lines, is an artificial hexaploeid wheat (2n=6x=42, AABBEbEb) from crossing between Triticum durum (2n=4x=28, AABB) and Thinopyrum bessarabicum (2n=2x=14, EbEb) species. In this study the salt tolerant potencial of new primary tritipyrum lines for NaCl (0, 100, 200 Mm) in an hydroponic experiment was studied in a completely randomized split plot design with three replication. The salinity stress NaCl was considered as main plots with 3 levels and the plant materials consisting of three primary tritipyrum [lines: (Ka/b, La/b, St/b)], the F4, F5, F6 generations of a combined primary tritipyrum [line: (Ka/b)(Cr/b)], one durum wheat (cv: Creso)] and one modern promising triticale (line: Ma45) were considered as sub plots with 8 levels. spike length (cm), grain per leading spike and its spikelets, fertile florets per leading spike, grain weight per leading spike and its spikelets, 1000-grain weight per plant (gr), grain yield per plant (gr), biologic yield per plant (gr) and harvest index per unit were measured or counted. The results showed a significant difference (α=5%) between lines and cultivars for the mean of all characters in non-NaCl stress and highly significant (α=1%) for NaCl stress. Although all traits were reduced by increasing the salt stress from 0 to 200 mM but for primary tritipyrum lines the reduction at 200 mM was very low in comparison to controls (durum wheat cultivar and promising triticale line). The combined primary tritipyrum line (Ka/b)(Cr/b), F6 had maximum harvest index, biological yield and grain yield per plant in 100 & 2oo mM NaCl stress. It highly can be concluded that Ttritipyrum lines, particularly, this line has salt tolerant potential for using as pasture and forage in saline soils.

In order to investigate lentil response to application times and amounts of zinc, an experiment was arranged as factorial based on randomized complete block design with four replications on farm research of Gonbad Higher Education Center during 2008-2009. Treatments were application times (before flowering and beginning of pod setting) and application rates (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 liter per hectare of 15% zinc solution). Results showed that the number of filled and empty pod per plant, number of total pod per plant, number of seed per plant, seed yield per plant and seed yield were affected by application time. Effect of zinc amounts on the number of empty pod per plant and harvest index, number of filled and total pod per plant, number of seed per plant, seed weight per plant and seed yield were significant. Number of Seed per 100 pods, 1000-seed weight and plant dry weight were not affected by rate of zinc application. Interaction between time and rate application was not significant. Number of filled and empty pod per plant, number of total pod per plant, number of seed per plant, plant yield and seed yield at earlier time of zinc application were higher than later one. Number of filled and empty pod per plant, number of total pod per plant, number of seed per plant, plant yield, harvest index, seed yield and relative yield were increased by higher amounts of zinc. Maximum seed yield (2692 Kg/ha) and relative yield was obtained from maximum application of zinc solution.

In order to study Effects of application time of Chevalier herbicide and integrate of Illoxan with Granstar on wheat and weed in Ahwaz, an experiment was conducted in Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University during 2007-2008, in split plot design by randomized complete blocks design with four replications. Experimental factors was Chevalier and integrate of granstar and illoxan herbicides were arranged in main plots and time of application including five growth stages (three-leaf, end of tillerring, mid of stem elongation, spike appearance, and three-leaf+stem elongation), and without weeding and complete control of weed were arranged in subplots. The results of variance analysis showed that type of herbicide had not any significant effect on measured traits, but time of application had significant effect on weed control, yield and yield components of wheat. Also, interaction effect of herbicide type and time of application was not significant. Mean comparisons showed that delay in application of herbicide decreased herbicide efficiency, therefore, herbicide application in spike appearance caused to decrease in most traits of wheat. Highest wheat yield and lowest weed dry matter were produced with herbicide application in 3-leaf stage and 3-leaf+stem elongation that these treatments had no difference with complete control of weed.

First of all, in order to determine the high yielding rapeseed varieties, two field experiments were performed in 2006-2008 cropping seasons in Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Markazi Province, Arak (34º 5´ N; 49º 42´ E, and 1775 m above sea level), Iran. In this research, 15 winter rapeseed varieties were compared in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Means comparison showed that Licord, Modena and Okapi had the greatest seed yield, resptctively. In second phase, in order to assesment of the effects of different sulphur (S) rates on seed yield, fatty acids composition and seed micro nutrient content in three high yielding winter rapeseed varieties, the other experiment carried out during 2008-2009 cropping seasons at the same site. Experimental design was a factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block with three replications. Three rapeseed varieties (V1=Okapi, V2=Modena and V3=Licord) and three rates of sulphur (S1=0, S2=40 and S3=80 kg S/ha) comprised the experimental factors. The interactions between sulphur×varieties were significant for seed yield, fatty acids and other measured traits. The interactions between 40 kg/ha Sulphur×Modena had the highest ratio of oleic acid, seed Cu content. The interaction effect between 80 kg/ha sulphur×Licord showed the highest seed and oil yield and seed Fe content. In this research, there was inverse relastionship beween quantitative and qualitative yield.

Irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizer are two important factors in increasing the yield and yield components of cotton. In order to evaluate effects of irrigation methods, various levels of water and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of cotton were studied at Hashemabad Cotton Research Station of Gorgan in 2008. The experiment was conducted in split-split plots design with three replications. Furrow and Sprinkler methods were main plots, various levels of irrigation water 0%, 33%, 66%, 100% and 133% of water requirement were subplots plots and various levels of nitrogen fertilizer 0%, 33%, 66%, 100% and 133% of recommended fertilization were sub-sub. The results showed that the effect of irrigation methods were significant on boll weight, seed index, number of seed per boll and lint index but without significant on yield and lint yield. The yield were influenced by various levels of irrigation water and the results showed that the highest yield 1996/60 was obtained in treatment 66% of irrigation water. Levels of irrigation water significantly affected on the entire yield components of cotton except the number of seed per boll. It was also found that the effect of various levels of nitrogen fertilizer showed significant difference on yield, boll and lint yield. The results revealed that yield and lint yield didn’t have significant difference between treatments 133% and 33%, 66%, 100% of various levels of nitrogen fertilizer.

In order to study the effects of foliar application of Zn and K on yield and some physiological traits of spring safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), cv. Esfahan 14, under drought stress, a pot experiment was conducted in research greenhouse of Yasouj University. Experiment was a factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications. Factors consisted of drought stress (S1- without stress, S2- stress at vegetative stage, S3- stress at reproductive stage and S4- stress at seed filling stage) and foliar application of nutrients (F1- without foliar application, F2- foliar application of water, F3- foliar application of zinc sulfate and F4- foliar application of potassium sulfate). Results showed that in drought stress at vegetative phase, foliar application of potassium has maximum chlorophyll a (25.7%), proline (87.8%) and total soluble sugars (26.9%) compared to without foliar application. Foliar application, compared to without foliar application, increased chlorophyll a (26%), chlorophyll a+b (32%), proline (51%) and total soluble sugars (26.9%) at S3 stress. However, in stress at seed filling stage, total soluble sugars increased (41.4%) by foliar application only. Grain yield increased by foliar application of zinc and potassium at all stress treatments except the reproductive stage stress. Finally, foliar application of zinc and potassium increased the concentration of osmolytes, such as total soluble sugars and proline and led to improved osmotic adjustment and plant tolerant to drought stress.Keywords: Chlorophyll; Growth stages; Proline; Total soluble sugars

A field study was conducted at Abourehan research farm of Tehran University in 2009 to find out the effects of slow releasing nitrogen from pellet fertilizer of nitrogen and manure on grain yield and some Physiological Characteristics of corn (Single Cross 704). The factorial design of the study comprised of randomized complete block with three replications. Factors this experiment involved: first factor was Two levels of application method fertilizer include (pellet and mixed with soil) and second factor was four levels of nitrogen fertilizer pulse manure include (46+600, 92+600, 138+600 and 184+600 kg ha-1) In this research, a Screw Extruder setup was designed and manufactured. N fertilizer Increasing from 46 to 184 kg/ha had significant effect on all yield and yield components traits except number of rows per ear. Maximum grain yield was obtained with pellet and 184 N kg/ha treatment. Also LAI, CGR and NAR curve was maximum with applying pellet and 184 N kg/ha treatment. Results showed pellet method through decreasing of leaching and slow releasing of N, cause low consumption of N to 50%.

In order to study the influence of municipal solid waste compost and nitrogen fertilizer on grain and forage yield of sweet corn an experiment was conducted at Marvdasht during 2009. The experiment was arranged in split plots based on randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications. Main plot included 5 levels of nitrogen fertilizer (100, 150, 200, 250, 300 Kg N ha-1) and sub plots included 4 levels of municipal solid waste compost (10, 20, 30, 40 ton ha-1). Results showed that nitrogen, compost and interactions between them had significant effect on fresh ear yield, grain yield, 1000 grain weight and fresh ear and grain harvest index. The highest fresh ear and grain yield, 1000 grain weight and fresh ear and grain harvest index equal 2387 and 1233 gr m-2, 237 gr, 51.53 and 51.73 persent belong to application of 200 kg N ha-1 and 40 ton ha-1 compost respectively. Nitrogen had significant effect only on row number per ear, grain number per row and ear and ear number.m-2. The highest fresh and dry forage yield equal 2356 and 584 gr m-2 belonged to application of 300 kg N ha-1 and equal 2298 and 618 gr m-2 for 40 ton ha-1 compost, respectively. Generally, it seems that using of 30 ton ha-1 compost by 23.5% increase in 1000 grain weight lead to 30% increase in grain yield of sweet corn. Also, application of 200 Kg N ha-1 (decline of chemical fertilizer) and 40 ton ha-1 compost suggest for high sweet corn yield in the same environmental conditions.

In order to determine probable effects of sowing dates on partitioning coefficient of dry matter to different organs (Leaf, stem and reproductive organs) in different wheat varieties (Koohdasht, Zagros and Tajan) an experiment with CRBD design and four replications was conducted. 5 sowing dates were included (29 December, 2007, 30 January, 2 March, 27 march, 1may, 2008). In order to quantify partitioning coefficients of different organs, dry matter of each organ was measured separately during 10 stages of important phenological stages and related dry matter of each organ was plotted against rest of dry matter. Form these plots, phenological inflection points in respect to dry matter partitioning were determined. Our results indicated that emergence to booting, booting to anthesis and anthesis to maturity are three distinct periods that partitioning coefficients can be determined. Sowing dates did not change these periods, but partitioning coefficients were affected by sowing dates. These coefficients varied among three different phases. Leaf coefficients for first, second and third phases varied among 0.3-0.54, 0.17-0.26 and 0.019-0.046 respectively (whit a decreasing trend). Partitioning coefficients of reproductive organs for the same periods were 0.0-0.017, 0.13-0 and 0.28-0.5 respectively (whit an increasing trend). Partitioning coefficients of stem also varied from 0.36-0.57. Our results confirmed that the effects of environmental variables (temperature and photoperiod) should be considered to quantify yield of wheat by using partitioning coefficients.

Water deficient is one of the most important limiting factors in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) production in arid and semiarid areas specially Iran, which is the best approach to deal with the introduction of resistant and compatible varieties to drought stress. The response of fourteen rapeseed cultivars to water stress was studied in a split plot experiment based on complete randomized block design with 3 replications at experimental field of University College of agricultural and natural resources university of Tehran. Cultivars were planted as subplots within the moisture regime as main plots. Drought stress in flowering stage was provided by irrigation stop until soil water potential met -1/5 MP. Irrigation of drought stressed plots in grain filling stage was stopped completely after grain filling began. The results showed that drought stress at grain filling did not significantly affect on yield, while stress on flowering stage decreased seed yield by 51.2% through speeding up the maturity (8.8 days compared to normal condition) and reduction of height (19.5%), root length (26.7%) and biological yield (46%). Mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP) and stress tolerance index (STI) were the most suitable indices showing the highest correlation with yield under both stress and normal conditions. Based on MP, GMP and STI and also biplot technique, Okapi and PF7045-91 (Sarigol) were determined as the most tolerant cultivars while Hyola 60 being the most sensitive.

Crop residue is a non-chemical method of weed control in agricultural sustainable systems. This research was conducted at the Alarogh site of Ardabil to evaluate the effect of integrated use of mulch and herbicide on weed emergence and growth in potato in 2007. Treatments were four levels herbicide including: (1) Paraquat [N,N'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride] herbicide as pre-planting, (2) metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5-one] herbicide as pre-emergence, (3) Paraquat as pre-planting plus metribuzin as pre-emergence and (4) without herbicide (control) as main plots, and four levels crop mulch including: (1) wheat residue, (2) barley residue, (3) canola residue and (4) without mulch as subplots. Results showed that metribuzin application reduced weed density at the both stages (flowering and pre-harvesting) two times. Crop residue on the soil surface completely suppressed winter and early spring weed emergence and growth, but did not suppress on lately spring weed. In plots that was applied metribuzin herbicide plus crop residue redroot (Amaranthus retroflexus) and lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) density was reduced to lower than 3 plant m-2, and purslane (Purtolace olerace) density declined to lower than 8 plant m-2. These results show that: 1) crop residue can suppress winter weed growth specially to flowering stage of potato, 2) The effect of crop residue on soil surface decline after 4 to 6 weeks and weeds which emerged after need control by either practice.

In order to investigate the effects of different levels of nitrogen rate on yield and seed yield components of wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted on Araghi Mahalleh (Gorogan) research farm in 2008. Treatments, nitrogen in the form of urea (0, 90, 180 and 270 kg/ha) and cultivars (Tajan, Falat and N81-18) were arranged as factorial based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Results showed that N81-18 cultivar with nitrogen rate of 180 Kg/ha had highest yield) 5959.8 Kg/ha) and Falat cultivar with nitrogen rate of 0 Kg/ha had lowest yield) 3129.33 Kg/ha). All cultivar in some properties such as number of fertile tillering, seed yield, biological rate, harvest index showed an increase for nitrogen rate of 90, 180, 270 Kg/ha with respect to the nitrogen rate of 0 Kg/ha and N81-18 cultivar because of the higher fertile tillering, biological yield, seed yield and harvest index in all of nitrogen levels showed and advantage with respect to other cultivars.

Plant density can be as a supplementary section in the increase of the yield of Wheat products. in order to research the effect of density on the yield and yield components in Wheat, an experiment was conducted in the agricultural research farm located in Araghi Mahalleh, Gorgan city using three density levels (150, 262, 375 plant in square meter) and three cultivars of Wheat (Tajan, Falat, N-81-18) during 2007-8. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 4 replications in factorial arrangement. The findings indicated that the increase of density resulted in the decrease of the number of fertile tillers, the number of seeds in main ear and the increase of seed yield, biological yield and harvest index. The maximum amount of seed yield, biological yield and harvest index for the cultivar of N-81-18 was gained that was introduced as a new cultivar in the region. The cultivar of Tajan had the highest rate of weight for one thousand seeds and the highest length of ear that ear been as old under the cultivation in the region.

To evaluate germination and seedling growth of safflower an experiment carried out as factorial with two factor; temperature (5, 15, and 25 °C) and salinity of sodium chloride (0, 5, 10, and 15 ds/m) based on randomized complete block design with four replications, in Dept. of horticulture of Urmia University. Results of different concentration sodium chloride on germination and seedling growth of safflower under different temperature showed significance of salinity and growth temperature level on germination rate, percent, and time to 50% germination. These factors had no effect on reduction of germination. Significance of interaction between salinity and temperature on germination index, shoot and root length, shoot and root dry weight showed different trends of them under these factors. The minimum amounts of percentage (76), rate (7.6 N/Day) of germination and longest time to 50% of germination (135 h.) were occurred at 15 ds/m of sodium chloride. But the maximum amounts of percentage (86), rate (8.6 N/Day) of germination and shortest time to 50% of germination (58 h.) were occurred at 5 ds/m same with 0 and 10 ds/m. Increasing of temperature at all levels of sodium chloride led to highest value of germination index.

Production of halophyte plants with saline water and soil and feeding them to livestock is one of the most sustainable methods of conservation in desert ecosystem regions. Kochia is a high salt resistant plant that can widely use as forage for livestock in arid ecosystems with lack of appropriate water and soil resources. In order to investigate potential of forage production of five different kochia ecotypes in response to different levels of salinity, an experiment was performed in a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Saline waters (5.2, 16.5 dS m-1) and five kochia ecotypes (Birgand, Urmia, Borojerd, Esfahan and Sabzevar) were allocated as main and sub plots, respectively. Result showed that salinity stress and ecotypes did not significantly imposed significant effect on all traits, except dry matter yield. In the highest level of salinity, dry and fresh forage yield increased 4.5% and 2.6%, respectively. In conclusion, kochia represent suitable characteristics including spatial distribution, high leaf to stem ratio digestibility dry matter, organic digestibility, digestive value and high capacity of biomass production to use as fodder crop in harsh environmental conditions.