فهرست مطالب

Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences - Volume:9 Issue: 4, Dec 2015

Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
Volume:9 Issue: 4, Dec 2015

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1394/11/10
  • تعداد عناوین: 17
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  • Abbas Abolghasemi, Hossin Gholami, Mohammad Narimani, Masood Gamji Page 1
    Background
    Depression is characterized by a great risk of relapse and recurrence. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) and cognitive therapy are efficacious psychosocial interventions for recurrent depression.
    Objectives
    The aim of the present research was to compare the effect of Beck’s cognitive therapy (BCT) and MBCT on reduction of depression and sociotropic and autonomous personality styles in Iranian depressed patients. Patients and
    Methods
    The study sample consisted of 30 subjects randomly selected from patients with depression in Mashhad city, Iran. The subjects were assigned randomly to experimental groups. The 2 techniques used for treatment were BCT and MBCT. The data collection instruments used in the research consisted of psychological interview, the Beck Depression Inventory II and the revised Personal Style Inventory (RPSI). The research data was analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA).
    Results
    BCT and MBCT were effective in reducing depression, but BCT and MBCT did not cause any change in the sociotropic and autonomous personality styles in patients with depression.
    Conclusions
    The results provide support for the role of BCT and MBCT plays in reducing depression. However, the results did not approve their role in changing sociotropic and autonomous personality styles in patients with depression.
    Keywords: Cognitive Therapy, Depression, Mindfulness, Based Cognitive Therapy, Personality Styles
  • Fatemeh Taghizadeh, Jamshid Yazdani Cherati Page 2
    Background
    Self-efficacy is the belief that one has the ability to implement the behaviors needed to produce a desired effect. There has been growing interest in the role of self-efficacy as a predictor and/or mediator of treatment outcome in a number of domains. Procrastination is a self-regulatory failure, defined as the voluntary delay of an intended course of action despite expecting to be worse off for the delay. Behavioral procrastination is a self-sabotage strategy that allows people to shift blame and avoid action; the decisional procrastination strategy is to put off making a decision when dealing with conflicts or choices. Procrastination has a great role in quitting drug addiction.
    Objectives
    The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between procrastination and self-efficacy and other factors among intravenous drug users. Patients and
    Methods
    This cross-sectional study was conducted on 178 intravenous drug users in the behavioral disease counseling, health center in Sari city, Mazandaran province, Iran, in 2013. The samples were selected through census sampling, descriptive and inferential statistics were used to measure the properties of distribution that depicts a set of data shown as frequency distribution tables, while for the mean and standard deviation, chi-square, Fisher and Spearman-Brown coefficients were used to analyze the data.
    Results
    The mean age of the participants was 43 years. Seventy-two percent of them were married and opium was the first drug used. The first substance used in them was 54% of opium, 33% cannabis and 5% alcohol and 79% smoking. The reason of the first drug use in 32% of the subjects was temptation and in 10% a friend’s influence. The mean age of the first drug use was 23 years, and the frequency was 2 times per day. All of them had relapse at least once. Seven percent of them currently use other materials (2% crystal, 5% alcohol and opium and crack) both in methadone treatment. Behavioral procrastination in 60.5% of them and decisional procrastination in 62% is from low to average range. There was a significant relationship between relapse and self-efficacy as well as between self-efficacy and the age of the first drug use, drug dose, and procrastination for treatment, marriage, employment and job. Also, the relationship between behavioral procrastination and self-efficacy was significant and inverse.
    Conclusions
    This study found a significant difference between procrastination and self-efficacy as well as other related factors. It is important to include drug users and the society organizations representing them in every stage of the governmental policy and program development process to make them responsive to the needs of the community.
    Keywords: Intravenous Drug Abuse, Methadone Therapy, Procrastination, Self, Efficacy
  • Seyed Mehdi Samimi Ardestani, Farhad Faridhosseini, Fatemeh Shirkhani, Ardeshir Karamad, Layla Farid, Mohammad Reza Fayyazi Bordbar, Ali Motlagh Page 3
    Background
    There are important differences regarding cancer disclosure in various geographical populations (Europeans, Western Asia, Eastern Asia), depending on multiple sociocultural factors, and therefore, there is no standard protocol on this issue, especially in Iran.
    Objectives
    To evaluate the amount of information that Iranian patients have and their preference for the disclosure of the cancer diagnosis. Patients and
    Methods
    In this cross sectional descriptive research, patients admitted in the oncology departments of 3 referral medical centers, Imam Hussein, Shohada-e-Tajrish and Modarres, in Tehran, from March 2007 to April 2008, were questioned about their awareness and knowledge regarding their diagnosis. Two different structured questionnaires were designed for the people who know and who didnt know their diagnosis. For the former, the survey concerned their psychological reactions to their situations, whether they would prefer to know about their diagnosis and by whom they are preferred to be informed. For the latter, the questionnaire included their preference whether to know the diagnosis and their current emotional state. Descriptive statistics and chi square test was applied to analyze gathering Data, using SPSS version 14.
    Results
    60.3% of the patients knew their diagnosis. Among the subjects who did not know their diagnosis, 88% preferred to be more informed about their diagnosis and 68% had some psychological reaction to their situations. Among the subjects who knew their diagnosis, 92.1 % preferred to know their diagnosis, 73.6% preferred to be informed directly by their physicians. Following the diagnostic disclosure, 81.5% reported that they had felt nervous, anxious and worried.
    Conclusions
    The majority of Iranian patients with malignancy want to know the truth and they prefer to be informed directly by their doctors.
    Keywords: Diagnostic, Disclosure, Neoplasms, Doctor, Patient Relations, Patient Preference
  • Asiyeh Pirzadeh, Firoozeh Mostafavi, Fazllolah Ghofranipour, Awat Feizi Page 4
    Background
    Physical activity is one of the most important indicators of health in communities but different studies conducted in the provinces of Iran showed that inactivity is prevalent, especially among women.
    Objectives
    Inadequate regular physical activities among women, the importance of education in promoting the physical activities, and lack of studies on the women using transtheoretical model, persuaded us to conduct this study with the aim of determining the application of transtheoretical model in promoting the physical activities among women of Isfahan.
    Materials And Methods
    This research was a quasi-experimental study which was conducted on 141 women residing in Isfahan, Iran. They were randomly divided into case and control groups. In addition to the demographic information, their physical activities and the constructs of the transtheoretical model (stages of change, processes of change, decisional balance, and self-efficacy) were measured at 3 time points; preintervention, 3 months, and 6 months after intervention. Finally, the obtained data were analyzed through t test and repeated measures ANOVA test using SPSS version 16.
    Results
    The results showed that education based on the transtheoretical model significantly increased physical activities in 2 aspects of intensive physical activities and walking, in the case group over the time. Also, a high percentage of people have shown progress during the stages of change, the mean of the constructs of processes of change, as well as pros and cons. On the whole, a significant difference was observed over the time in the case group (P < 0.01).
    Conclusions
    This study showed that interventions based on the transtheoretical model can promote the physical activity behavior among women.
    Keywords: Exercise, Educational Model, Health Education
  • Sedat Batmaz, Ozgur Ahmet Yuncu, Sibel Kocbiyik Page 5
    Background
    Beck’s theory of emotional disorder suggests that negative automatic thoughts (NATs) and the underlying schemata affect one’s way of interpreting situations and result in maladaptive coping strategies. Depending on their content and meaning, NATs are associated with specific emotions, and since they are usually quite brief, patients are often more aware of the emotion they feel. This relationship between cognition and emotion, therefore, is thought to form the background of the cognitive content specificity hypothesis. Researchers focusing on this hypothesis have suggested that instruments like the cognition checklist (CCL) might be an alternative to make a diagnostic distinction between depression and anxiety.
    Objectives
    The aim of the present study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the CCL in a psychiatric outpatient sample. Patients and
    Methods
    A total of 425 psychiatric outpatients 18 years of age and older were recruited. After a structured diagnostic interview, the participants completed the hospital anxiety depression scale (HADS), the automatic thoughts questionnaire (ATQ), and the CCL. An exploratory factor analysis was performed, followed by an oblique rotation. The internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and concurrent and discriminant validity analyses were undertaken.
    Results
    The internal consistency of the CCL was excellent (Cronbach’s α = 0.95). The test-retest correlation coefficients were satisfactory (r = 0.80, P < 0.001 for CCL-D, and r = 0.79, P < 0.001 for CCL-A). The exploratory factor analysis revealed that a two-factor solution best fit the data. This bidimensional factor structure explained 51.27 % of the variance of the scale. The first factor consisted of items related to anxious cognitions, and the second factor of depressive cognitions. The CCL subscales significantly correlated with the ATQ (rs 0.44 for the CCL-D, and 0.32 for the CCL-A) as well as the other measures of mood severity (all Ps < 0.01). To a great extent, all items of the CCL were able to distinguish the clinical and non-clinical groups, suggesting the scale has high discriminating validity.
    Conclusions
    The current study has provided evidence that the Turkish version of the CCL is a reliable and valid instrument to assess NATs in a clinical outpatient sample.
    Keywords: Cognitive Aspects, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Cognition, Cognitive Therapy, Diagnosis
  • Jamshid Ahmadi, Sara Ekramzadeh, Saxby Pridmore Page 6
    Introduction
    The aim of this study is to describe the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in the treatment of methamphetamine-induced withdrawal delirium and craving in a single case.
    Case Presentation
    A 44-year-old male presented to the hospital in Fars province, Iran, with Methamphetamine-Induced Withdrawal Delirium who responded to ECT.
    Conclusions
    The electroconvulsive therapy can be a suitable option for the treatment of methamphetamine withdrawal delirium and craving. Also, it can be usefully employed in these very serious conditions which may represent a risk to life.
    Keywords: Methamphetamine Induced Withdrawal, Delirium, ECT
  • Mina Mazaheri Page 7
    Background
    Negative emotions are the best predictors for psychological and physical health.
    Objectives
    We aimed to investigate the role of difficulties in emotion regulation and mindfulness on psychological and somatic symptoms of patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID). Patients and
    Methods
    In this cross-sectional study, the studied sample was selected using census method. A total of 167 patients with FGID completed a demographic questionnaire, difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS), mindful attention awareness scale (MAAS), depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS), and gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (GSRS). To examine the relationship between studied variables, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression analyses were used.
    Results
    The findings of the study indicate that difficulties in emotion regulation and mindfulness are significantly correlated to both increased psychological and somatic symptoms. Some factors of difficulties in emotion regulation positively predicted those symptoms. Among these factors, only lack of awareness was not significantly correlated with both symptoms as well as decreased mindfulness.
    Conclusions
    The findings suggest some potential targets to reduce symptoms. Patients with FGID may benefit from treatments that facilitate emotional experience, functional status, and ability to control impulsive behaviors and behave according to the goals when experiencing negative emotions.
    Keywords: Emotional Disturbances, Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Mindfulness, Psychological Aspects, Somatic Symptoms
  • Mehran Zarghami, Alireza Khalilian, Javad Setareh, Golnaz Salehpour Page 8
    Background
    Cell phone is a mere fascinating, as well as entertainment object and serves to keep young individuals in constant contact with their peers; and gives them a feeling of autonomy, identity and credibility.
    Objectives
    Considering the increasing trend of using cell phones, the aim of the current study was to assess the extent to which the students of Mazandaran university of medical sciences use their phones after light-out, and to determine its relationship with sleep quality, headache, tiredness, and distractibility, after elimination of the impact of stressful events.
    Materials And Methods
    Overall, 358 students from different schools of the university participated in a cross-sectional study with self-report questionnaires (demographic questionnaire, cell phone use questionnaire, Pittsburgh sleep quality index, and social readjustment rating scale). Descriptive indices were used to express data, and the chi-square and logistic regression were used to interpret the results.
    Results
    Overall, 60% of the students used their cell phones after lights were out. There was a significant relationship between using cell phones late at night and insomnia, low energy, tiredness and headache. Once the impact of stressful events was eliminated, the relationship remained significant only for insomnia. No significant relationship was observed between using cell phones and distractibility.
    Conclusions
    Students of Mazandaran university of medical sciences used their cell phones extensively after lights were out and the resulting insomnia may have affected their learning, as well as the quality of medical services provided by them.
    Keywords: Cell Phones, Headache, Insomnia Disorder, Fatigue, Memory Loss, Life Change Events
  • Abbas Abdollahi, Mansor Abu Talib, Seyedeh Ameneh Motalebi Page 9
    Background
    Given that happiness is an important construct to enable adolescents to cope better with difficulties and stress of life, it is necessary to advance our knowledge about the possible etiology of happiness in adolescents.
    Objectives
    The present study sought to investigate the relationships of emotional intelligence, depressive symptoms, and happiness in a sample of male students in Tehran, Iran.
    Materials And Methods
    This cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of high school students in Tehran in 2012. The participants comprised of 188 male students (aged 16 to 19 years old) selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. For gathering the data, the students filled out assessing emotions scale, Beck depression inventory-II, and Oxford happiness inventory. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive and analytical statistics in statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software.
    Results
    The findings showed that a significant positive association existed between high ability of emotional intelligence and happiness (P < 0.01). Conversely, the low ability of emotional intelligence was associated with unhappiness (P < 0.01), there was a positive association between non-depression symptoms and happiness (P < 0.05), and severe depressive symptoms were positively associated with unhappiness (P < 0.01). High ability of emotional intelligence (P < 0.01) and non-depression symptoms (P < 0.05) were the strongest predictors of happiness.
    Conclusions
    These findings reinforced the importance of emotional intelligence as a facilitating factor for happiness in adolescences. In addition, the findings suggested that depression symptoms may be harmful for happiness in adolescents.
    Keywords: Depression, Emotional Intelligence, Iranian Students, Wellbeing
  • Anahita Khodabakhshi Koolaee, Masoumeh Rahmatizadeh, Hossein Shaghelanilor, Lesley Pocock Page 10
    Background
    Adolescence denotes a time in which youth begins to experience dangerous behaviors like substance use and delinquency.
    Objectives
    In this study, we investigated the family power structure and identity style in delinquent and non-delinquent juveniles residing in Tehran, Iran.
    Materials And Methods
    To accomplish the goal of the study, 80 adolescent delinquents of the correction and rehabilitation centers aged between 15 and 18 years were selected with convenience sampling method and 80 students of secondary school age between 15 and 18 years in Tehran, Iran in 2012. They answered the instrument of family power structure (Saidian, 2004) and identity style (ISI-6G: White et al. 1998). The obtained data were analyzed using the independent t-test, chi-square test, and Levene’s test.
    Results
    The findings indicated a significant difference between delinquent and non-delinquent juveniles with regard to family power structure, its subscales (P < 0.001), and identity style (P < 0.001). Moreover, the informational identity style was associated with lower levels of delinquency. In addition, a diffuse-evident identity style was related to the delinquency.
    Conclusions
    These results emphasize that the inappropriate decision-making process pattern in a family has a significant effect on deviant behavior and identity style in adolescents. So, family power structure can be considered in therapeutic interventions (prevention and treatment) for adolescent delinquency.
    Keywords: Delinquency, Family, Identity, Parenting
  • Reza Chaman, Ahmad Khosravi, Sima Sajedinejad, Saeed Nazemi, Khadije Fereidoon Mohasseli, Behzad Valizade, Hamid Vahedi, Ehsan Hosseinzadeh, Mohammad Amiri Page 11
    Background
    In different studies, the prevalence of tobacco consumption has been growing in high schools boys.
    Objectives
    This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of smoking and its related factors among Iranian high school students in 2011.
    Materials And Methods
    In this cross-sectional study, 450 male students from 15 high schools of Shahroud (northeast of Iran) were selected for evaluation of the knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of students regarding tobacco consumption.
    Results
    Overall, 51% (95% CI: 46.5 - 55.7) of the students had positive history of smoking for at least one time and 7.1% (95% CI: 5 - 10) of them were current smokers. The most prevalent source of information about smoking was TV and radio programs (48%) and friends were the second source (22%). Based on the students’ opinions, entertainment and smoker friends were the most important reasons for smoking tendency. There was significant statistical association between students smoking and positive family history of smoking (P value < 0.05).
    Conclusions
    The prevalence of smoking experince was very high among high school students. The most prevalent source of information about smoking was Iranian broadcasting companies. Positive family history of smoking and smoker friends were the important motivating factors toward smoking.
    Keywords: Attitude, Iran, Knowledge, Smoking, Students
  • Mohammad Hosein Zamani, Rouholah Fatemi, Keyvan Soroushmoghadam Page 12
    Background
    Feedback can improve task learning in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). However, the frequency and type of feedback may play different role in learning and needs to more investigations.
    Objectives
    The aim of this study was to evaluate the acquisition and retention of new feedback skills in children with DCD under different frequency of self-control and control examiner feedback.
    Materials And Methods
    In this quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design, participants based on their retention were divided into four feedback groups: self-controlled feedback groups with frequencies of 50% and75%, experimenter controls with frequencies of 50% and 75%. The study sample consisted of 24 boys with DCD aged between 9 to 11 years old in Ahvaz City, Iran. Then subjects practiced 30 throwing (6 blocks of 5 attempts) in eighth session. Acquisition test immediately after the last training session, and then the retention test were taken. Data were analyzed using the paired t-test, ANOVA and Tukey tests.
    Results
    The results showed no significant difference between groups in the acquisition phase (P > 0.05). However,in the retention session, group of self-control showed better performance than the control tester group (P < 0.05).
    Conclusions
    Based on the current findings, self-control feedback with high frequency leads to more learning in DCD children. The results of this study can be used in rehabilitation programs to improve performance and learning in children with DCD.
    Keywords: Delirium, ECT, Methamphetamine Induced Withdrawal
  • Azar Pirdehghan, Mahmood Vakili, Yavar Rajabzadeh, Mohammad Puyandehpour Page 13
    Background
    Child abuse is an issue that has many physical and psychological consequences.
    Objectives
    This study was designed and conducted to investigate the current situation regarding child abuse, which can be used as a guideline for planning future interventions.
    Materials And Methods
    This was a descriptive, analytic cross-sectional study on 700 Yazd secondary school students in 2013, using a standardized self-administered questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using the SPSS v.19 software and appropriate statistical tests and logistic regression analysis. P values of < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
    Results
    Overall, 700 students (43%) were boys. Child abuse frequency was 93.5% (92.2% of boys and 94.4% of girls). The most common domains of child abuse among all students were neglect (83.8%), psychological (76.1%), physical (36.1%) and sexual (28.8 %), respectively. The most common domains of child abuse among female students were neglect (84.9%), psychological (82.3%), physical (32.5%) and sexual (31.5 %), and among male students, these were neglect (82.3%), psychological (67.9%), physical (41%) and sexual (25.3%). Demographic variables included substance abuse of parents, father’s education, parents living status and having other jobs, which were significantly related variables to child abuse and neglect (P value < 0.05).
    Conclusions
    Our study is the first investigation performed on patients with LCH and its possible association with EBV in Iran. Considering the P = 0.004, which is statistically significant, the findings do support the hypothesis of a possible role for EBV in the pathogenesis of LCH. These results are in accordance with several previous investigations, with positive findings.
    Keywords: Adolescent, Child Abuse, Epidemiology
  • Ali Akbar Rahmatian, Seyyed Ali Asghar Hosseini Page 14
    Background
    The United Nations in a resolution defined abuse as any violent act that is primarily or exclusively committed against females and results in physical, sexual and psychological harm.
    Objectives
    The aim of this research was to study the contributing factors of husband’s violence against females residing in the city of Behshahr, Iran.
    Materials And Methods
    We distributed a specifically designed questionnaire among 380 married females aged between 15 and 65 years. According to the Morgan table, the subjects were randomly selected from a list of 301000 females. Demographic data and data on spouse abuse were then analyzed using the SPSS software, Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficients. According to Cronbach’s alpha, the reliability of the questionnaire was 0.96.
    Results
    All of the females reported at least one form of violence within the past year, with R square 0.20, indicating that the independent variable can explain 20% of the violence against females. years of marriage, female’s education, male’s addiction and the number of children each had their share in the explanation of violence against females.
    Conclusions
    This study revealed a high prevalence of domestic violence in the sample population. Violence existed among all ages, social categories and male occupational groups, and also involved both employed and unemployed females. The situation regarding domestic abuse is similar worldwide.
    Keywords: Behshahr, Domestic Violence, Iran
  • Nader Aghakhani, Hamid Sharif Nia, Ehsan Moosavi, Ali Eftekhari, Abbas Zarei, Nasim Bahrami, Ali Reza Nikoonejad Page 15
    Background
    Today, domestic violence against women is a growing epidemic that can be observed in many countries.
    Objectives
    This study was carried out to determine the types of domestic violence against women who were referred to the Legal Medical Organization of Iran in Urmia, Iran in 2012.
    Materials And Methods
    The descriptive survey included demographic information, abuse screening, and items regarding partner involvement. Data was gathered using face-to-face structured interviews. The study population included 300, women 18 years of age or older, and data was collected about their demographic characteristics and the types of domestic violence they experienced. SPSS software version 16 was used for the analyses.
    Results
    The majority of participants were in the 25 – 30 age group, and 83% of them were battered by their husbands in various ways. No significant relationships were observed between violence and unemployment, increasing age, and home ownership.
    Conclusions
    The prevalence of abuse reported by women in this population suggests that many women that are referred to the Legal Medical Organization of Iran may have a history of abuse. Abused women may have different reasons for seeking a divorce. If routine screening for abuse is included in counseling, health providers will have the opportunity to develop a safety plan and initiate appropriate referrals.
    Keywords: Abused Women, Domestic Violence, Legal Medical Organization of Iran
  • Atena Dadgari, Nahid Mazloom, * Mohammad Reza Heidari Firouz Abadi, Imane Bagheri Page 18