مجله جهانی رسانه - نسخه فارسی
پیاپی 26 (پاییز و زمستان 1397)

One of the major issues recently raised by the development of electronic tools and thus the creation of web-based communication platforms relates to the topic of virtual fame or so-called being famous. People based on the fame they find, they have an independent identity that can affect other aspects of their lives. The theory of cultivation refers to the dense process in which the media foster beliefs about social reality.  As the framework of cultivation suggests, fame can be described as one of the social realities that change in accordance with media usage.  The theory of cropping implies different ideas in mind.  The present study seeks to examine the factors affecting the use of the social network in the field of virtual fame of individuals by explaining the theory of cultivation. Efforts have been made to measure the structure of fame, and to transform this qualitative variable into a quantitative tool.  One of the most famous of which is Eric Schulman's research.  In 2005, Leslie Lamport noted the difference in fame in different geographical areas and different areas of work.  Besides, it distinguished between being famous and very famous.  He also pointed out that different media have different levels of influence and power levels in increasing or decreasing fame.  He distinguished between being famous and lonely, and Lamport himself, for the first time, suggested that fame varies in different geographic regions and different fields of work.  He also acknowledged that different media have different power in changing people's fame.  With the acceptance of Lamport's assumption that different media have a different power of creativity, as well as the media, they have a different power to fame in their audience.  Content produced by the media for different people creates a halo of fame for them.  If the central idea of cultivation theory is to implant a different perspective in the minds of individuals based on the use of the medium, then this theory is largely true of the fame that the media can incite or give better expression to a different quantity than it is for its consumer.  The theory of cultivation consists of two main dimensions: 1. the main flow that harmonizes the views on a particular phenomenon; 2. the exacerbation effect, which enhances the effect of cultivation in a particular group of populations. The present research is applied in terms of purpose, and terms of data collection method, it is a scrolling type.  Since the present research adds to the knowledge available in the field of research variables, it is in the development research group and the sense that its results have the potential to be used within organizations; it is a part of applied research.  The statistical population of this research consists of the students of the Islamic Azad University of Kermanshah who use at least one of the social media.  A random access sampling method has also been used to reach the random students so to collect the data.  The samples were selected based on the Jersey and Morgan table.  The total sample amounted to 384 students of Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch. To meet the convergent validity and divergent validity, we used Cronbach's alpha reliability and hybrid reliability.  we used a descriptive and inferential statistical analysis to test the theoretical claim of the research.  The data show that some 53% of samples are men and some 47% are women.  Furthermore, 91% of single students and only 9% are married, and all undergraduate students.  Their age range consisted of two groups: one is between 18 and 21 years old and the second is between 21 to 24 years old, representing 75% and 25% of the total population respectively.  Its reliability is confirmed by the Cronbach alpha, which an internal sustainability measure and hybrid reliability is with values higher than 0.7.  The external load test was also performed to show the fit of the indices for measuring the variables.  The results show that all measures exceeded the desired level of 0.708 meaning the research tools are reliable.  We used the Fornell and Larker methods to explain the divergent validity.  The path coefficient between two predictive and independent structures is 0.62 in the standard state, and a meaningful state is 10.915, which is significant in both cases.  Factor loads on dimensions showed that all factor loads have a value of 0.95 since they all received more than 0.4.  Another criterion for fitting the structural model is the coefficient index, which determines the coefficient of determination of the dependent variable (0.643) at a relatively strong level. Social functionality includes networking, availability and high speed.  Due to the speed of the present era, as well as the dissemination of network and multi-lingual information and ease of access to data, essential parameters are required for virtual fame.  Cultivation represents the totality of a pattern that, over time, delivers a specific content or effect that can be created in different ways in the mind of the audience.  The next influential factor of social software is the use of photographs, animations and video advertising, which obtained a numerical value of 0.829.  Two other influences include slogans and propaganda as well as symbols and signs that it creates a media halo for people who are somehow considered to be equivalent to an escalation effect.  Most people look at the issues that the mass media presence, and this is one of two important concepts of the theory of cultivation, the mainstream, which refers to the uniformity of views in a community about a particular individual or organization that ultimately leads to the creation of virtual fame.  In today's world, given the tremendous impact of the Internet and the growing use of virtual networks, as well as the significant activity of individuals in virtual networks, they have to take advantage of opportunities and threaten to fight or become an opportunity.  Becoming social networks is one of the most important communication tools at the community and the world, and due to its comprehensive availability to other media, it is necessary to pay attention to their effectiveness.  Given the fact that the growth of fame is based on the homogeneity of views and is also one of the social realities that the media can make of a different amount to its consumer, attention to the factors of social networks and the impact of their use It is vital to know people. The results of this research showed that there is a significant relationship between different dimensions of social software with virtual fame.  Among these factors, the use of social network functions has the greatest impact on the acquisition of virtual fame of individuals.  According to software outcomes, prediction of the present article model constituted 62% of the popularity of using social software.  According to the results, the most effective factor among the other factors that make up social software for gaining fame is related to the social function factor with a coefficient of 0.886.

Ebrahim Hatamikia’s films represent Iran’s sociopolitical problems and reflect the government approach toward internal and external affairs.  Despite the credibility of his movies, they have not been studied by their position vis-à-vis various political groups and events. This article is designed to offer a study the first long feature film, i.e., the Identity (1985) made by Hatamikia.  We launched such research to discover where the movie and its text stand between rival discourses in the period of its production. The above analysis on the movie "Hoviyat" proves that the political circumstances make their mark on such text.  These circumstances were the case during the external war and internal conflicts, and At some points, its positioning is clear such as when it represents the Iraq-imposed war on Iran which was marked as the battle of Islam and infidelity. Or when the picture of Ayatollah Khomeini appears nest to Quran representing a holy object.
But its favoritism does not limit to the obvious elements and by emphasizing on the ideological connection between the revolution, the war, Ayatollah Khomeini and Islamic values, stands against secular approaches or other approaches which oppose Ayatollah Khomeini.
Further, in the study, we found out that the film as takes a side in favor of “The Islamic Republic Party,” it supports “The Traditional Left Wing” over “The Traditional Right” and the latter’s emphasis on acting in the framework of religious laws rather than pursuing the public welfare.

The objective of the present paper is to offer an analysis of the persuasion techniques used in the Iranian government’s media campaign on “Opt-out from Subsidy Plan.”  The event took place in the first month of 1393SH (Iranian Calendar). The “Opt-out from Subsidy Plan” turned out to be one of the main government’s media campaigns.  The government introduced and launched it to motivate and encourage Iranian to withdraw their name from the list of beneficiaries, i.e., those who were receiving a monthly subsidy from the government. The campaign implemented in almost half month (16th to 31st) in early of year 1393SH and based on the statistic given by officials, only 3% of the people welcome the campaign and register their names to withdraw from the list of those who are receiving the monthly subsidy. The organizers of such campaign tried to encourage and motivate people to participate in the campaign. The role of media and the contents, however, was one of the main reasons to contribute to its failure as there was evidence that shows neither media fully supported and participated in the campaign, nor the organizer used and implemented as much effective media and persuasion techniques on the content as expected.  Had it been provided to attract people to follow the campaign objectives, the results may have been different. As such, the main question of this study was to address the role of media (in terms of direction) in the “Opt-out from subsidy plan” campaign and also to offer an analysis of the most persuasion techniques used by the organizer (government) so to attract as many people to participate in this campaign as possible. The results of this study will help the organizer, i.e., the Iranian government, to do a better job in designing and creating campaign messages, that is using more persuasive techniques as well as assigning more efficient communicator in its future campaigns. Here, we used persuasion theory and persuasion techniques as the principal and conceptual framework. Persuasion Theory is a theory that deals with the elements of communication and their role in shaping and re-shaping the attitudes and behaviors of receivers. In this perspective, persuasive messages are thus able to activate an attitude change that can modify behaviors of the public in general. In communication discipline and to justify the persuasion elements, there are communication models which deal and elaborating the meaning, concept, and function of each element and the way they interact in each situation[1]. To be more specific, all the elements of the communication process including Source, Communicator, Context, Message, Medium, Noise, and feedback are involved and playing a role in shaping and re-shaping public attitude. Each of these elements along with persuasive techniques can increase or decrease the efficiency of the media content. Also worthy of highlighting that, techniques like “fear,” “Authority,” “Pinpointing the enemy,” “Name calling,” “Glittering generalities,” “commitment and consistency,” “Social proof” etc. are among the most persuasive techniques used in almost all types of campaign. The method of study was qualitative (Them analysis) and quantitative content analysis. Quantitative content analysis is a popular method among communication researchers who are investigating media contents. Krippendorff (1980) defined content analysis as a research technique for making replicable and valid inferences from data to their context[2]. In this study, the researcher also approached the qualitative content analysis named “theme analysis.” Theme analyzing as a qualitative technique is defined as a method for the subjective interpretation of the content of text data through the systematic classification process of coding and identifying themes or patterns[3]. Altogether, we chose some 412 programs/news from one TV channels (TV1) and three mainstream dailies named “Kaihan,” “Iran” and “Etemad” to constitute the unit of analysis of the study.   We selected some 196 programs/news randomly as samples on which we performed data collection and data analysis. Based on the objectives of the study, the research instrument (Coding protocol) was developed by the researcher. The research instrument was tested - retested for reliability using Scott's pi (range between 0 - 1). All cases and after a few amendments, the result of Scott’s pi was 0.75 and above. For the validity of the research instrument, the researcher follows the content validity where more than five experts in the area of media and communication approved the codes and structure of the research protocol to achieved the research objectives and measuring the research questions. The result of the study shows that there was no consistency among media content toward this campaign overall. While 80.8% of the content in TV1 and 75.5% of the content of “Iran” newspaper was positive toward the campaign, 54.5% of the content in “Keihan” was negative, and also 56.3% of the content in “Etemad” newspaper was neutral. The result of the Chi-Square test (X2 = 100.9, P= 0.05) shows that there is a significant difference between the media and their direction toward this campaign. In terms of the direction toward organizer of the campaign (Communicator), also media appear to be more neutral rather than be supportive. In overall, 64.3% of the content toward the government was neutral, 14.3% were negative, and only 21.4% were positive. Also, the statistic test was conducted, and the results show there were significant differences between media and their direction toward the organizer of the campaign (X2 = 72.7, P= 0.01). Also from the qualitative content analysis, some major negative “themes” were identified which could justify the failure of the whole Campaign. For Example, “Kaihan” and “Etemad” have had some negative publicity regarding the “Organizer” which at the end resulted in disrespectful between the people and organizer. While it was expected most persuasion techniques such as “Commitment and consistency,” “Social proof,” “Scarcity” and “Authority” appeared in the media content, the “fear” technique appeared to be mainly used especially at the early stages of the campaign. The most frequent used message carrying the element of “Fear” was “the possibility of a penalty for those who are not eligible to receive the monthly subsidy from the Government.” Even though from the middle of the campaign the organizer’s language has changed, and they tried to use more soft messages such as “denying the possibility of a penalty for recipients of the monthly subsidy” in approaching the people. Still, there was no confident “position” on what the government is going to do. In terms of using persuasive techniques, the result of the study shows that the capacity of these techniques has not been properly used. In addition to using inappropriate persuasive techniques, some messages have been produced and published against the principals of persuasion theories. The techniques like “Scarcity” or "Social proof” were used inappropriately where could not lead the organizer to the target objectives. Also, there was no certain standards or benchmark from the government on whom should register their name to be removed from the list of “subsidy list” and whom should remain on the list. On this basis, it can be highlighted that public perception of the whole plan was floating between force and persuasion.  

The multicultural semi-autobiographic novel, Persepolis (2000-2003) by Iranian-French writer, Marjane Satrapi, is considered as the representative of prevalent discourse in historical context. This article examines Persepolis from an imagological perspective and theoretical reflections on the medium of comics or in its French expression, bande dessinée. It elaborates on textual strategies of an imagological study on both the textual and pictorial levels. This study aims to examine the implications of verbal and visual representation in comics. It introduces the medium, basic rules of comics (bande dessinée) and graphic novel (novel in the comic strip) as a different comic format. It further goes through the story of Persepolis to apply the theoretical framework of imagology to the corpus. As compared to cinema, Hölter (2007) has looked at comics from an imagological frame that the narrative perspective on objects or persons allows the artist to be free in designing and arranging the panels (p. 306). Comics known as the ninth art is a controversial subject in a different context from history and pedagogy to literature. In a worldwide context, comics or bande dessinée (BD) as a hybrid form represents its potential application in cultural studies. The current study offers some details on the analyses of Satrapi’s graphic novel Persepolis as a multicultural graphic novel. Here we link the theoretical reflections on the form and functions of panels, frames, gutters, and page layouts to our analysis become possible. The objective here is to show various aspects of representation and formation of the national image associated with the question of identity. The theoretical frameworks of this investigation include a textual and visual representation of sequential panels of comics. McCloud, Groensteen, and Miller discuss the central elements of the medium.
McCloud (1994) has given a comprehensive definition of bande dessinée as “juxtapose pictorial and other images in deliberate sequence, intended to convey information and produce an aesthetic response in the viewer” (p. 9). Collection of separate icons and interdependent images, bande dessinée creates “meaning out of the articulation between discontinuous units, or panels” (Miller, 2007, p. 77). It has been mentioned a sequential and visual narrative art. “Bande dessinée produces meaning out of images which are in a sequential relationship, and which co-exist with each other spatially, with or without text” (Miller, 2007, p. 75). Thus, McCloud (1994) argued, “Icons demand our participation to make them work” and further suggested, “As the twenty-first century approaches visual iconography may finally help us to realize a form of universal communication” (pp. 58-59). Considering bande dessinée as an art of iteration and transformation, Miller (2007) clarified the sequential links (Groensteen’s ‘restricted arthrology’ code) —along with stylistic variations of framing, angle of vision, composition, and color—and narrative process on ellipsis or gap through temporal and spatial transition which is called spatiotemporal relations in the inter-frame space (pp. 88-91). We have offered a judgmental function of bande dessinée and autobiography in Persepolis so to examine and distinguish between representing and represented Self. Such a distinguishment relates to “division between the linguistic and iconic elements of the medium, […] the immediacy of texts attributed to the autobiographical Self in speech balloons, and the retrospective effect of the récitatifs, where dissociation between character and narrator is maximal” (Miller, 2007, p. 218). In the production of a comics, it is significant to explore several influential arguments; 1. The nature, substance, mode, and formal characteristics of images 2. Mode of articulation in the process of communication (distribution and reception) (Groenteen, 2007, p. 18). Representation of alterity in different fields of study such as literature, sociology, psychology, etc. proves its encompassing nature that in turn leads to a more comprehensive examination of its origin, definition, and function. Persepolis uses the different medium of the graphic novel (comics or bande dessinée) for representing the polarization of alterity in an exaggerated form. This study tries to show how the image of Self (both auto and meta) and Other, common stereotype of the polarized worldview are going to strengthen alternative outlook. Persepolis as representative of the myth of the Other who is trying to cement a universal view by showing a personal view and dividing the world into two oppositional polar of the East and the West by contrast between the color of black and white. These contrasting representations have been shown in both text and image. This study also shows how Satrapi uses an ironic representation of these auto/ hetero/ Meta images. The primary contribution embodied in this paper is the stereotypical representation of different images from varying angels. However, Persepolis as a multicultural medium for representing these images both in context and in the text (text and image) sometimes illustrated polarities of this controversial imageme. That is how images of origin and target countries are engaged in different narrative purposes. Therefore, in dealing with the representation of both sides of dichotomy (the East and the West), we studied auto, hetero, and meta-images from the opposing point of view to create the balance in interpreting their images.
It is concluded that as a discursive manifestation of national identification pattern in literature, Persepolis illumines the mutual relationship between auto and hetero images in its context, which leads to clarify dynamic nature between identity and alterity. Thus, the idea of the inconsistency of representation in imageme and interpretation shows the tension between signification and reality in its social and historical context. In response to the ideological framing of Iran, Satrapi attempts to highlight the interaction of stereotypes in making signs of Otherness. By defining Imagined identity, it has been argued how looking at past is tangled with looking forward in the reconstruction and restoration of identity. Images of both expected for nationality represented and spectant for representing discourse give new insights to consider the relationship between auto-image, hetero-image, and meta-image. Thus, knowledge of the widespread stereotypes and misrepresentation of a nation like Iran in media as an old frame ideology would lead to a better understanding of an Iranian writer like Satrapi.

Representation in epistemological discussions, or what has sometimes been called the Copernican revolution of Kant, maintain an idea according to which in knowing the world subject is as important as the object, if not more. The brain of the human may affect the process of recognition, and we can ask how and how much it takes place. Moreover, every instrument, such as a microscope or telescope, which mediate between brain and object, should be contained to the same test. Media is a kind of instrument intermediator between the world and us. In contemporary society, we receive more information from the media than we obtain directly from our environment. So the general epistemological suspicion can be extended to the issue of news strategy in the media.  I am planning to address this problem in this paper. According to the general taste, news, which includes accidents and strange happenings, are more exciting and amazing and can attract more attention. The point is that such news is so often bad ones. That is the reason why headlines are full of news of terror, war, crash, fire, pollution, traffic, scandal and so on. The media concentrate and emphasize on these sorts of news, and that is the reason they fail to do representation as they show the world to be worse than it is.  Accordingly, it is fair to say the media distorts our perception, and our conception of the world is generally less real than it is really. That from the viewpoint of chief redaction and its gatekeeping what kind of news has value or is important to determine how the audience see their world. Because society gives most of its information from the media, the more news emphasis on something, the more important and even the more existent it seems to be. Therefore, the news, which is usually selected and is the subject of repetition and concentration, would influence the representation from the real world. It is evident that news gatekeeping could be influenced by a variety of factors such as money, power, politics, ideology, and the conscious or unconscious standpoint of journalists. Nevertheless, those well-known causes apart, there is something more powerful and more hidden which influences news and thereby influence the world-view of consumers. We call it professionalism. The very professionalism which should be and seems to be against many kinds of bias, such as we mentioned above, play itself an important role in gatekeeping and organizing the choice and the priority of news and thereby is the source of a big bias. On the one hand, journalism is, above all, a profession, and in almost every profession, success requires customer orientation. On the other hand, and methodologically speaking, the psychological nature of humankind makes us more interested in exciting news. It results in that the media tries to cover more exciting and amazing news. But not surprisingly most of the time the exciting news is the bad ones or even the worse. Usually, good things do not happen all of a sudden. It takes time for a development to be achieved or a problem to be solved, and being so they lake the potentiality of making interesting and attractive news. Moreover, another side of our psychology or our education prepare us more to be discontent than content, so that the good things seem to be normal and the bad ones can be the source of opposition. Therefore a war, a terrorist attack, a fire, a plane crash, an earthquake, or a political scandal are much more likely to be reported as soon as possible and to be the subject of headline and repetition and the other kinds of highlighting. In doing so, media news does not represent the world as it is. Some of the findings here indicate that there are examples even from the scientific research reports that show in what extent media choose the versions, which fortify that bias just for being more customer oriented. The news concerning environmental problems is an example. Almost every day we read, listen, and watch some news, which indicates a new bad behavior or law or strategy for the environment: the seas more polluted, the forests more disappeared, the wild animals more threatened and so on. There is rarely a report about many attempts to protect the environment. Just because news consumers psychologically and sociologically prefer to listen that politicians are doing badly and that a sort of apocalypse is coming soon. However, this is not the truth, at least all the truth. This bias is confusing and has strong negative implications, for news consumers see the world much worse than it is, and might become more depressed and pessimist and even ready to radical actions and join to the extremist parties. Reading, listening, watching and sharing news in cyberspace is generally considered as a cultural activity or sometimes as social activism, and something to be praised.  More you regularly consume news especially worldwide news more you seem to have character and to be in a good way of life. You seem to have more chance to know the world better and so to live correctly. However, this idea is based on the assumption that media in its news reflect the reality as it is. However, as we demonstrate it, this is not the case. It could even have a contrary function. With too much confidence to media and too much-consuming news, we risk to believe that world is very dark and become pessimist and distrust because the world, however, is not so good is not as bad as media news try to persuade. The part of bad news is bigger and not proportional. Not only people do not pay attention to it, but also there is a belief that good men concentrate on bad aspects of affairs. Because it helps to be a more political and more motivated fighter against oppression and injustice, apparently being politically correct necessitates that bad aspects of social life be underlined. Although media shows, somehow unconsciously, the bad aspects of the world in an un-proportionate manner, there is a part of consciousness that approves the necessity of it. This paper aims at corroborating the idea that professional media, supposed to be far from those tendencies, based on very professionalism, according to which customer compliance is the first principle, produce some other kind of disturbing in the representation of the reality. Thus, the contribution of the article is that the general value, which holds that more reading/listening/watching news is a sign of a safer society, should be a subject of doubt. It can create a conduit to take in serious reform in news media strategy and/or a News diet for the consumers.

As part of contemporary electoral processes, the Internet-related media by providing uncensored and massive various information, has enabled citizens to influence on electoral activities such as campaigning for candidates and motivating the hesitant people in voting as well as elections polarization.  The Internet has automatically led to appearing of societies that are more conscious by increasing the availability of information.  In these societies, internet-related media is a dominant source of political information.  Unlike traditional media, the Internet provides users to access extensive information as well as its dissemination.  Moreover, users can freely send information to other users without any extra cost.  However, the availability of computers, smartphones, and other electronic devices make it easier to have access to the Internet and the dissemination of information. Recent developments of information and communication technologies have led to new facilities to obtain political information and communication through the second generation of web technologies.  Web 2.0 in general, especially social media, has created an opportunity for users to comment out and share content, photos, videos and making interactions through user-oriented applications.  These technologies with their unique capability in recent years have more prominence in political domains, especially general elections in Iran. In recent decades, internet infrastructure and mobile phones have made significant progress across Iran.  The mobile phone SIM card has almost doubled than Iran's population (over 156 million), with more than 85 million active SIM cards and more than 100 million smartphones.  The progress in Internet infrastructure and mobile networks have contributed to an increase in the active presence of around 45 million Iranian users in social media.  Here, social media based on Web 2.0 technologies are included in categories such as WhatsApp, Telegrams, Facebook, Google Plus, Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube.  Users in this research are defined as respondents who have been active at least in one of the types of social media in the Web 2.0. Theoretically, the paper focuses on the mobilization effect of social media.  In contrast to the mobilization approach, there is media substitution theory.  Based on the latter approach, we conclude that if people spend much time in cyberspace so to substitute it with the old media, then their political participation will diminish.  Thus, the Internet has had a damaging impact on political interactions, and that is because these technologies are used mainly for entertainment.  As a result, given to hobby function of social media, citizens may spend less time on civic or political activities, joining civil NGOs, visiting family and friend, etc. 
Nonetheless, the mobilization theory explains the positive impact of the Internet and social media on political activities, and generally on the political participation of its users.  Indeed, the Internet, with cheaper and easy access to political information, has led to an increase in the level of political information users, which in turn has a positive influence on establishing and constructing political identities, which in turn lead to activities that are more political.  The Internet also created an opportunity to express opinions by unknown or marginalized people as well, which in turn provides a feeling of security and comfort to such users. Online political talks, especially in social media, have been able to create an appropriate role for exchange of information, construction of social networks and shaping of the political identity of users.  Social media may facilitate marginalized users to involve in the political sphere more actively.  Thus, people through these technologies enter the public space from private space.  These technologies also provide an opportunity for people to activate public sphere furthermore.  The user finds an opportunity for political manifestation and expression of their beliefs in a comfortable environment; thus, political dialogue is formed and users are encouraged to participate in politics.  Users will be able to join a similar group on the web and have political discussions with their like-minded people and, thereby increase their awareness of political issues.  Thus, user activity in social media increases the number of opinions, free flow of information and freedom of expression.  This is possible to encourage them to enter the political discourse, which in turn mobilizes them for political activities. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of Web2.0 technology on voter participation in the general elections in Mazandaran province (Iran).  The current research is conducted in the form of a survey and with the use of the questionnaire.  The sample group includes the number of 384 above 18 years' old among the voters, in the Mazandaran province.  The questionnaire was designed based on a question template proposed by Yamamoto et al. (2013), Vosoughi, and Hashemi (2004).  The data required for analyzing and testing the hypothesis through distributed questionnaires were obtained in Mazandaran province and, the results of the research were extracted through coding in SPSS software.   After studying the descriptive statistics of the sample, the authors have sought to see whether there is a significant correlation between the use of social media and participation in voting.  Therefore, the user's activity in this research is divided into two types of entertainment and gathering or sharing political news. Thus, four hypotheses have been proposed based on the conceptual framework of the study.  The findings indelicate: 1-    There is a significant correlation between using social media as a news source with political activities. 2-    There is a significant correlation between using social media as an entertainment apparatus and the level of political participation. 3-    There is a significant correlation between the duration uses of social media with political participation. 4-    There is a significant correlation between the periods of subscription in social media with political participation. The results of the analysis of the research findings are based on the Pearson correlation and regression; there is a positive and meaningful correlation between the news users of social media with political participation.  Indeed, the increased use of social media by citizens of Mazandaran province has increased their political participation.  However, no significant correlation is observed among the level of political participation, and the amount of the periods of subscription in social media, the duration uses of social media or the use of social media for entertainment purposes. Therefore, according to the results of the research, news users of social media has been are more involved in political activities, especially in voting seasons.  People can have the opportunity to engage in social media with every type of opinion, which result in more involvement that is political.  It can be stated that information transfer in social media has caused extensive discussion among users about various political issues.  This media by providing the users the ability to read/write information and different kind of interactions between individuals and diverse groups has changed the nature of political discourse in Iran and Mazandaran province.  Therefore, because of actual barriers in the real world that create problems for socio-political activities in Iran, the virtual space has become an arena for dialogue and information exchange.  This, in turn, has reduced the costs of political activities and increased the political mobilization effect of social media. 

Multimedia art is a term used in the art of the twentieth century, for any combination of digital media, graphics, sound, video, animation and text writing. The multimedia art, in terms of the nature of space and time, can be classified into two categories; the art of multimedia based on old media is a combination of old media such as painting, photography, sculpture, and more. New media-based multimedia art uses computers to create new techniques or change traditional techniques for creating and editing all forms of media. The concept of space in multimedia art usually means the meaning of understanding the location, time and objects, and their relationship with the distances and dimensions, components, and visual elements of a work of meaning. Therefore, in this research, space means the overall effects of the effect in all its material and content dimensions, and in particular in the digital environment. Time is also one of the most abstract, complex, and obscure concepts of ancient Greek history that have involved the minds of philosophers, which is partly due to its fluidity.  Time in this research is the same linear definition for which it has a source and destination. The main issue of this research is to explain how digital space and time are in multimedia.   In line with this research, one can mention that the article by Farhad Sassani, titled "Time in the Cyberspace" (2006), in Journal of the Academy, No. 1, compares the comparative time between times in cyberspace with time in language.  It also displays Time in cyberspace divides into five branches: 1. static; 2. Semi-static; 3. Awesome; 4. Multiple and revealing; and 5. Multiple and hidden.   This paper is based on a descriptive-analytical method and a method for collecting data from a library type using articles and digital. The Internet has been used to collect art samples. Interview with artists was also another tool of compilation.   First, it is necessary to explain a brief overview of virtual reality and augmented reality: Virtual reality requires hardware and software so that the hardware or any other device such as a headset or application into the virtual world can access it and see simulated content. Therefore, in the world of virtual reality, the user cannot communicate with the real world. In other words, it is confined to the virtual world. From these definitions, we conclude that virtual reality is virtual and does not allow a person to be present simultaneously in the real world and the virtual world. Augmented reality is a direct or indirect representation of the actual physical environment that is gained by adding or adding virtual graphics information generated by the computer. The augmented reality combines both real and virtual data in a three-dimensional fashion and is interactive. You can imagine the augmented reality as the middle state, between the real world and the full virtual world. Daniel Steegmann Mangrané is an artist that his artworks are based on virtual reality. His body of work includes various formats.  It is based on subtle, poetic experimentation that questions the relationship between language and the world.  His artwork, principally conceptual, shows a marked concern with existence and the specific characteristics of objects, at the same time activating abstract language as a principle to generate thought, and uses the idea of unstable meaning and dematerialized constructions as a way of addressing questions of the “object." The phantom consists of a virtual reality environment accessed through a pair of Oculus. The virtual forest viewable via Oculus Rift may provide us with novel insights into how we see and coincidentally manufacture the world. Alternatively, that most elevated and immaculate mathematical constructions of reality may evince the impossibility of its representation. The near-perfection of the image ends up refuting its power or at least exposing the impressive, elaborate work of abstraction and quantification that goes into collapsing the gulf between representation and perception. We see ourselves seeing the world as an image of our fabrication. And, despite claims by Oculus Rift's creator that the device's "ultra-low latency 360° head tracking" allows you to "seamlessly look around the virtual world just as you would in real life," the experience may veer into abstraction, no matter how liquid-crystal clear the parallel images flickering before our eyes. Alessandro Ravagnan is an Italian multimedia artist who, using the augmented reality, combines real space with cyberspace and challenges sensory perception of space and time. His multimedia works "Enso Membrane" are presented at various exhibition spaces. Time in his works is related to space and how the audience perceives. This means that the user determines the time to receive the effect. Ravagnan has recently presented his new works in non-exhibit spaces, which make space and time dynamic. The user can have access to works in any space and anywhere in the world, and, depending on the space in which it is located, will enable other senses of perception.   The art of multimedia, either in the form of virtual reality art or in the form of the art of augmented reality, is to transform the space and time of the work.  This is done through using digital images and technology, and, in the context of the passive viewing of the audience in understanding the space and time of the work, From a mere viewer to participant or active engagement. In the works of Daniel Steegman Mangrané, as the selected artist of virtual reality multimedia works, and Alessandro Ravagnan, an artist, selected for augmented reality by multimedia, the audience can have a variety of activities and activities. In this paper, it was argued that, according to Gottfried Boehm, it is possible to differentiate the dimension of time in multimedia art: the time of presentation and the time of reception. The time of reception in the works of both artists depends on the engagement and interaction of the audience, and the time of the show is pre-formed by the artist, which also means the audience. The time of reception in the works of both artists depends on the engagement and interaction of the audience, and the time of the show is pre-formed by the artist, which also means the audience. According to Lessing, the audience can also use two types of readings to understand the space and time of the works: simultaneous readings and sequential readings. In this process, the audience can overcome the linear readings of time. In the multimedia space environment, digital media contacts the audience with a variety of time, as well as the boundary of time in cyberspace, and it becomes multiplicity, infinite, and can be broken or combined with real space. In this kind of arts, the artist links the sensory perception of users to technological tools. Space and digital time in the art of virtual reality and the added value of using our own fictitious application, we show the potential for what we call virtual creation to create an experience of immediacy and immerses the audience in this space and time. Alternatively, it combines both real time and space.