نشریه مطالعات اوراسیای مرکزی
پیاپی 15 (پاییز و زمستان 1393)

the overall focus of the Caspian Sea security is shaped in four geopolitical areas contain the Caucasus، (Azerbaijan)، Central Asia (Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan)، Russia، (USSR) a political unit in the international system which is one of the largest exporters of oil and gas in the North، And Iran with huge reserves of oil and gas and oil industries in the south،. these important geopolitical areas factor in the global powers، especially America and its regional allies Turkey and Israel to interfere in prestine area. This paper aims to examine the relations between Turkey and Israel and its impact on the interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran''s in the Caspian Sea. The main question is what the development of relations between Turkey and Israel might be influence over Iran''s interests in the Caspian? The article claims that Turkey-Israel alliance threaten western borders of the Caspian and might cause more focus and resources expend in regional policy. The method of this paper، due to its speculative nature، descriptive -. Notably، the approach in this paper to analyze geographical data - the geopolitical.

The end of the Cold War and the disintegration of the Soviet Union marked the start of a new era in international relations. When Russia''s power and influence weakened، some newly independent states of Central Asia and the Caucasus have taken tendency toward relation with west. For Europe resource of new countries notably oil and gas was very important for independent from Russia energy. West’s attitude to former USSR and enlargement of NATO to east، western support for the colour revolutions in region، and Missile Defense of NATO have big dangerous for Russia’s security. The Kremlin has portrayed Russia as a victim of NATO and Western expansionism. This problems create Russia’s new assertiveness and the role of energy as a key factor in shaping the country ̓s behavior in international relations، and in building political and economic power domestically، Moscow want to increase Europe’s dependence on Russian energy supplies therefore this country try control energy productions axis and transits axis in central Asia، Caucasus and West Europe. This paper tries explaining Russia’s behavior about energy with defensive realism.

Along with breakdown of Soviet Union، political geographical system as well as meaning construction of central Asia and Caucasus changed dramatically. Thus new structure، necessities، and actors have emerged in relations between Iran and countries locating in Caucasus. One of these countries is Azerbaijan. Iran-Azerbaijan relationship is of high significance from different aspects. After Azerbaijan independence، collaborations of high level expected between these two countries، but in reality، we see low level، normal، conflicting، and chaotic relations. One of these theories is constructivism viewpoint. Considering the concept of constructivism approach، the main research question is: what were the most influence factors on the chill in relations between Iran and Azerbaijan? Finding research by using analytical-descriptive method shows (indicative) relations between Iran and Azerbaijan doesn’t have much impact from geopolitical factors. On the other hand according to constructivism approach، relations between these two countries، influenced by cultural، social، economical and political structures. These structures act as divergent bilateral relations.

promote gender empowerment indicators of women''s political participation in Central Asia and the Caucasus have been estimated and the status of women''s political participation and economic participation have two dimensions. Continuing with the analysis of qualitative content analysis results are profound and logical evidence، the current status of women in the region have identified two areas of political and economic participation. The results show that poor infrastructure، rule of totalitarian political systems، the deep impact of the former communist regime، poor educational and cultural structures of domination and patriarchy and women''s negative attitude to the political nature of most of the few women''s political participation countries in the study are noted.

Human Trafficking is an international issue that has caused national and international responses. The UN resolutions and conventions responded through to encourage states in order to criminalization and legislation. This issue is propounded International Organizations، for example ECO. The ECO member states has-been dealt with this issue. This study is based on descriptive-analytic method، and emphasis on functionalism approaches. ECO measures to combat Human Trafficking، is width takes place. The first: concern of this issue in the Meetings of Ministers and Experts Group. The second: technical cooperation with International Organizations such as «IOM» and INTERPOL «. The third: cooperation between the member states of ECO. The ECO cooperate between member states resort by legal measures and arrangements، meetings of the judicial-law enforcement، information exchange، management and control of borders، and police cooperation. Finally The ECO member states come to conclude that regional police» ECOPOL «is necessary to establishment. Establishment of the» ECOPOL«can be an effective step in overcoming Transnational Organized Crime، including Human Trafficking.

For many political observers، the collapse of the Soviet Union would lead to accelerate the process of democratization in all the remained countries from this event، especially Russia. But very soon it was clear that the country is confronted with many critical obstacles in this way. The considerable weakness of the civil society and its institutions along with the legacy of centralized power in Russia make the process of democratization very complicated. The main question of this paper is: what are the obstacles of emerging civil society institutions in Russia after the disintegration of the Russian Federation? Other questions to answers this question is: the different definitions of the civil society and its basic organs. The authors’ hypothesis is that “the weakening elements of civil society in Russia are the factors of production and reproduction of inequality in Russia”. The authors gathered their needed data from internet and available sources، and analysis them with descriptive- analytical method.

Today، With the increasing trend countries towards globalization، Regionalism is also considered And regional organizations have been formed in many parts of the world geopolitical.. One of the manifestations of regionalism are regional organizations that In the second half of the twentieth century as a means to achieve regional integration in geographic areas with different functions in the economic، political and military، have been developed. One of the most important geopolitical regions in Central Asia، which has formed several organizations that can be considered the most important of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. This paper seeks to answer the question of whether today the Shanghai Cooperation Organization as one of the new regionalism is considered? In response to it can be argued that، given that the first meeting of the board members stated that The purpose of establishing this organization is ensuring security in the Central Asian region، supporting the process of moving towards a multipolar system and the democratization of the international system، Shanghai Cooperation Organization as one of the new regionalism، Under development Parallel with the globalization.

view. In this paper، the question of influence in the South Caucasus and Europe Union foreign policy. A. Iran ''s regional interests can be defined both in terms of cooperation or conflict، has developed the hypothesis that the objectives and activities of the Union of Europe in the Caucasus show that not only the conflict of the conflict between the interests of and the there is no union، but also in creating stability and economic development in the region، and interests are also taking a look at the system of internal and external factors such Caucasus، Iran and Europe have concluded that the interests if you are in this region and work together more benefits will accrue to both parties. world. The method used in this research is descriptive، analytical study is.

Caucasus has been an important region for Turkey since the collapse of the Soviet Union. This importance emanates from the region’s own natural resources، its position at the crossroads of the oil and gas rich regions of the world and chronic political instability and security threats. Turkey as the key neighbour of the Caucasus has experienced state – led fundamental and structural changes which have culminated in strengthening productive and industrial foundations. Foreign policy has also been affected by the process of economic development. Although Turkish foreign policy has been shaped by different factors، AKP’s Islamic trends، leads us to investigate the main determinants of Turkish foreign policy since 2002. We have come to this Despite AKP’s Islamic trends، developmental goals and concerns are still the first priority of Turkish foreign policy and Turkey’s attitude towards the Caucasus region، which is located along one of the most important energy transit corridors of the world and provides Turkey’s increasingly growing industries and Anatoli’s SMEs with vast energy resources and a relatively lucrative market.