نشریه مطالعات اوراسیای مرکزی
پیاپی 17 (پاییز و زمستان 1394)

The first years of Russian marching to Transoxiana was not the climax of their authority. In addition to strong competitors like UK, increasing internal developments, undermined its operation in region. Beside it,Russian politicians disagreement with Christian nathionalists, local reaction, the weakness of appointed comandors and regional and global developments, have led the final policy of Russification with specific feature. this article under the title of “ cources of cultural policy making of tsarist in Transoxiana” is searching this question that what was the cources of cultural policy making and why did it change? Our answer is that the Russian commandors had shown three different cources of policy making that some sets of local,internal and global factors caused it changed.

The collapse of the Soviet Union resulted in formation of 15 new republics as independent political entities. Hence, being situated among countries such as Russia, China, India, Pakistan and Iran, the Central Asia has become a “geopolitical junction”.
In such circumstances, the “Shanghai Cooperation Organization” (SCO) was created in this region. In order to examine the role this organization plays in the regional and international arenas, we have to study the factors that form the foreign policy behaviors of Russia and China as the most important players of this organization, that is, identity interests, their perception of threat sources, as well as their economic and security motivations.
In this paper, the main hypothesis posits that Russia’s interests toward becoming a great power and China’s interests toward its long-term economic security in the Central Asia have directed them into forming a soft balance against the United States within the framework of the SCO. The main question is how the said Organization has led to a power balance in the Central Asia. The authors have conducted this study applying descriptive-analytic method, using Persian and English books and articles as well as Internet resources.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Three Republic has been formed in the South Caucasus; Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia. The Soviet collapse was caused in the area to form Power vacuum. This issue raises Regional and trans-regional power rivalry. In the meantime, Because of proximity Iran and Turkey has a particular sensitivities relative to the area. These three countries have created new opportunities and challenges facing Iran and Turkey, As a result, formed Tehran and Ankara's Competition in The reigon. Azerbaijan and Armenia are particularly important for having Mutual border with Iran. This article with using of critical geopolitics seeks to answer this question, What matters is Origin of competition between Iran and Turkey? How is the foreign policy orientation of the two countries in the region? There is competition In political, economic and cultural arena. Iran has a regional approach to the South Caucasus issues. Whereas Turkey Runs Their policies In this area With trans-regional approach and cooperation with U.s.a policy.

Analysis on the territory of the Caucasus, on the land that is associated with such complexity that researcher at first puzzled and confused makes. Become intertwined with dozens of people from different races, different customs territory, extensive research is very difficult. But the complexity of the mystic, writer more curious as to the different tribes in this land had followed the proper answer to this question is found. Questions such as: What nations (both Iranian and non-Iranian) 12th century BC. Since we have entered the territory of the Caucasus? Why these people, have laid the Caucasus? Where and why the original home of these peoples was having left their native land? The ethnic customs and cultures have influenced each other? What has been the impact of their presence in the Caucasus? This paper is to introduce some unknown or little-known people who have passed one after another from the Caucasus region, their presence is a reminder of the lasting impact in these areas.

Typology of political Sufism is complex. Analysis as an intellectual movement - contemporary Afghanistan is essential . The main idea of this paper is to analyze groups of Sufism in Afghanistan come out of their houses of worship were entered politics.
In this regard, they have created a particular intellectual and political currents.This study analyzes three sects Naqshabandiya, Qaderieh, and Ismailis in Afghanistan.
Sufis in Afghanistan, although politically were active in the past and and may have been united with the government, but the political activity of Sufism in the late decades has been significant.

The European Union, due to low oil and gas reserves on one hand and high consumption on the other, is depending on importing gas and oil. A major part of Europe’s energy imports comes from Russia. Thus, this matter (Russian domination over supply sources and routes) caused Europe’s discontent and it’s efforts to diversify energy supplies. The caucasus and central asia is one of the areas which is located in proper geographic position toward Europe. This region is rich of oil and gas resources and it’s also considered as a key route for transferring Caspian resources to Europe markets. Due to rising global concern about energy security during recently years, the European Union paid more attention than before to this region. So, the present studies’ goal is to find reasons that make the region more important for Europe and alternative energy routes.

North Middle East is a geopolitical concept that emerged with new developments in an area of the Middle East. Network theory and its models; provide the possibility of this new structuring. This study is an attempt to examine the communicational indicators of this area (cluster) with Central Asia in comparison with the other areas of the Middle East, and drawing communicational intensity of internal networking and extra network of it, in the Middle East. therefore, in answer to the question of how security and economic communications of the North Middle East (Iran, Turkey, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan) with Central Asia , this assumption suggests this new cluster offers the largest intra network communications in the Middle East. Most regional communication of this cluster within the region, at primary, is with Central Asia and then, the Persian GCC. Also, extra regional communications for networking has with China and South Asia. The communication are classified in the form of geopolitical and geoeconomical (the intensity of business communication between the clusters, legal-economic agreements, foreign investment, energy, transit communications)) intra network’s elements. The aim is showing the importance of changes in looking at structures of Middle East for foreign policy of our country.

This paper investigates the impacts of modernization on women and consequently the family in Russia today. The comparison of the modern family with the traditional family in Russian society and how the modernism entered to Russia and its influence method on Russian women helps to better understanding of the current situation of the women in Russia. Modernism has had many positive and negative effects on Russian society in general, and on the family in particular. Consciously understanding the positive aspects of modernism and opposition to its negative aspects is not possible without surrounded to this subject. Therefore, this paper tries to analysis the positive and negative consequences of modernization on Russian women and families and to propose some solutions for opposition with its possible negative consequences.

The post-cold war regional security has been faced with the obvious changes. Some theorists Interprets these phenomena as reason of regional security institution's policy making. Although there is little consensus on the values of the security, strategic, regional and international institutions, these institutions have significantly grown since the early 1990s.The tendency of gradual promotion of regional security institutions were provided during 1991-1945.
Such a process is influenced by functionalism, neo functionalism, regionalism and convergence approaches.Realization of regional security policy in the Caucasus, is a function of the strategic mechanisms.Peacekeeping, conflict resolution, arms control and coordinate foreign policy should be considered as an indication of the security policy in Caucasus region.
Regional crisis is a preliminary factor to accelerate the security building process. The Caucasus regional security policy making is partly caused by contribution to security cooperation with the UN and other regional and inter-regional institutions. A group of governmental, non-governmental and inter-governmental parties undertake the Caucasus security building processes.
By the year of 2014, approximately 15 regional organizations co-sponsored the Caucasus peacekeeping and peacemaking trend.This paper attempts to examine the processes and dynamism of Caucasus security policy.

According to results of this research, the main geo-economical feature of Iran’s Trade relations with CIS during years (1380-1391) is the complete leading of Iran imports, the dominance of the Non-dynamic trend of the trade relations, the place falling of the most CIS in the field of Iran’s export and reciprocally their place enhancement in the field of Iran’s import. Indeed, despite the causal elucidation to the enhancing of the mutual trade relations due to economic-geographic realities, now according to spatial analysis of the Iran trade relations with CIS, current trend in the different parts of mutual trade relations does not have a suitable geo-economical and spatial balance. Even sometimes this trend is not in common with geographic realities and geo-economical complementary principle not poses in mutual trade relations. So, according to results of this research, the geo-economical balance of relations is quite opponent advantageous and apparently the Iranian geo-economical influence area in CIS is limited. Indeed, the contraction on the geographic area of Iranian economic power in CIS, and eventually the decline of its economic competitiveness power in the geo-economical equation of this region is a simple geo-economical explanation of these relations.