فصلنامه اخلاق در علوم و فناوری
سال نهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 28، تابستان 1393)

Happiness is a common discussed factor in positive psychology and it leads to most studies in variable areas. One part of happiness assigned to consideration of the relation between happiness and ethics. Scientists focus more on effects of ethics on emerging happiness. Theories of happiness include two viewpoints: Hedonism and Eudemonism. Theories that discussed the relation between happiness and ethics divided into three Categories: Ethics oriented, Result oriented, Act oriented. In experimental research, the relation between ethical factors (i.e altruism, kindness) and happiness considered. This study aim to find an answer to this question: Are happier people more ethical? according to literature and experimental researches, it can be resulted that there is a positive relation between happiness and ethical behaviors. Happy people act more ethical. Also, it can be said that ethical behavior increase happiness. Therefore, there is a circle between happiness and ethics. Happy people act more ethical and ethical behavior increase happiness.

Inquiry starts with an overview of general approaches to ethics management. The ethical end of public administration is implementing public interests. The article discusses the shifting conceptualization of Public interests and ethics management in light of changes in the patterns of public administration in the literature of public administration. It argues that this shift can be related to the structural changes that have taken place in politics and public administrations from the late 1980’s to the present. Findings of this study explains that ethics management system and public interests in old public administration compatible with law, in new public management with rules and accumulations of individual interest and in new public services with discourse around shared values. If public management and ethics management are harmonized, the integration of ethics into public service will be more successful.

Impact of ethics on business is an important factor that its role in economic development attended by scientists, especially Islamic scientists. In order to achieve development, the importance of corruption, violence and poverty of nations that result from immorality in economic, is highlighted. Fundamental improvement of corruption, violence and poverty of nations is possible by connection between economic ethics and business ethics. The present study attempts to answer the question; during four recent decades, Why some countries have made great strides on the path of economic growth and development and have achieved remarkable success in the field, while many other countries are more or less at his ex-situation. Two factors determined as preventing factors in economic development: corruption and local unending violence and war. Results show that economic ethics and business ethics have significant influence on economic development.

Nowadays, the role of scientific publications in the development of countries is crucial and significant. So, most people and organizations try to increase the number of scientific publications to promote their national and international level. In this case, it is possible to ignore the standards and ethical issues in writing and publishing of scientific literature. This, especially in the medical field, sometimes has been found to cause irreparable damage to the scientific prestige of the scientific community. In this study, each of the scientific misconducts considered and provided some strategies to prevent of this phenomenon. The main issues that were discussed include authorship (ghost and guest authors), plagiarism, overlapping publications (duplicate submission, redundant publication), data fabrication and falsification and conflict of interest. At the end, Duties and Responsibilities of Medical Journal Editors are presented to prevent the occurrence of these misconducts.

Accounting students should be honest in all aspects of their education such as assignments and research. They should follow ethical criteria. Professional associations emphasis on teaching of ethics in accounting student's curriculum. The objective of this study is to specify effect of Machiavellian characteristic on cheating between accounting students. This research is a descriptive-correlation survey. Population of this study includes all B.A. accounting students of Islamic Azad University. The sample of this research has been included 233 students. Data are collected by using questionnaire. Data analyzed by using Ttest, Pearson correlation and multiple regressions. Results of the study show that there is a direct relationship between cheating and Machiavellianism. Gender, level of interest in discipline and age are effective factors on cheating. Gender has a direct relation with cheating; it means that when student is a boy then cheating is increasing. But, level of interest in discipline and age has a negative relation with cheating. Variables such as occupation, married situation, type of diploma and grade point average have not any significant relation with cheating. If the results can be generalized to the whole country, it can be mentioned as a serious educational and ethical problem. The results of this study attract higher education policy makers to do fundamental action about teaching profession’s ethics in terms of accounting student’s education.

Human enjoyment from conservation ethics has an important role in treating with natural environment and its subhuman portions such as wood. This research is attempted to analyze carpenters, wood protection ethics in Gorgan province. This research is a descriptive survey. The target populations in the study consist of 140 managers in carpentry units. Using systematic random sampling procedure and Krejcie and Morgan table, 106 managers were selected and interviewed using a questionnaire. The data resulted from this procedure was analyzed using SPSS software. Results show that majority of carpentry managers have a comparatively propitious attitude about wood protection. Factor analysis of carpenters, wood protection ethics loaded to 8 extracted factors that totally explained 67% of the total variance. These factors named as sustainability, preservation, conservation, sustainable development, law, policy making, waste valuation and stewardship. Comparatively, propitious attitude about wood protection among carpenters indicate that they are ready to cooperate in protection of wood and respect to related ethics. Therefore, training of carpenters for using wood and waste and respecting ethics is suggested by this study.

The crisis of values system and social norms, lack of their establishment and the difference between oral and actions are less considered by organization that it leads to customer's dissatisfaction. Thus, this research has been done with the goal of examination of gap between the exits work ethics and oral work ethics in Department of Cooperatives, Labor and Social Welfare of Mazandaran Province. This study is a descriptive survey. Populations of this study include all employees of social welfare of Mazandaran and all clients of this organization. The sample consists of 149 employees of 204 and 202 clients of 250. In order to analysis the data, comparing two independent population test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) and entropy has used for weighting of dimensions. Results show that there is a significant difference between viewpoints of staff and clients about binding of work ethics (Considerate, Dependable, Ambitious, and initiative and challenges acceptance). There is a greater gap in challenge Acceptance aspect. Also Ambitious for clients and employees is more important than friendly relationships. The judge of the clients influence on the gap between views of staff and clients. Therefore, it is important to consider clients demands. Also, Successful implementation factors of programs for improving work ethic in the organization including: full support of ethical programs by management, Encourage employees and existence of exact and regular operation evaluation system in the organization.

The root of the managers and teacher's behavior and activities is the ethical and moral values. Hence, considering professional ethics and its effects is among the most fundamental research topics in organizational areas. Accordingly, the present paper has attempted to investigate the role of professional ethics on social responsibility and individual accountability with considering the mediating role of serving culture. Research method of study is descriptive – correlation. The statistical population of this study included all male and female teachers (N=550) of Javanrood city in the educational year of 2013-2014. For data gathering in this study, a sample comprising 200 teachers in Javanrood city was selected by using stratified random sampling. The data were collected through standard questionnaires of professional ethics and social responsibility and a researcher made questionnaire of serving culture. To assess the relationships between Latent and measured variables in conceptual model, the Structural Equation model was utilized. Results indicate that professional ethics has a positive and significant relation with social responsibility, accountability, and serving culture. The results, also, show that the relationship between professional ethics and individual accountability is mediated by serving culture. But, the mediating role of serving culture in the relation of professional ethics and social responsibility was not confirmed. The results of this study hold out that professional ethics directly improves teacher's social responsibility and individual accountability. Individual accountability, also, strengthens teacher's serving culture. As a result of improved serving culture in an educational setting, we will have teacher's strong individual accountability. Keywords:

The literature review of management and leadership styles lead the researchers to believe that commitment to moral values is a trait of leaders with high effectiveness. These leaders through ethical behavior with their employees motivate them to improve their performance and achieve organizational goals. With this background, the aim of this study is to examine relationship between the behavior integrity of leader whit leadership effectiveness of the attitude of the employees. This study is a descriptive and correlative survey. Population of study includes all employees of Agriculture Bank. The sample of this research includes 249 people from 629 employees in 2012. The variables measured by questionnaires of Behavioral Integrity (BI) and Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI). Pearson correlation coefficient and Regression analysis used for analyzing data. Findings show that between behavioral integrity of leaders and effectiveness of attitude of the employees, there is significant and positive relationship whit correlation coefficient 0/83. Leaders and managers in organizations should recognize the role of behavioral integrity for supporting and accomplishing organizational goals by employees.

Each organization is trying to achieve organizational excellence. One factor that has been emphasized in various studies and religious approach is the role of ethics in achieving organizational excellence. The goal of this study was to present a model based on role of ethics in organizational excellence. Method of this research is descriptive - correlation. Population of this research is higher education institutes in Mashhad. Among all, 200 subjects selected randomly. Data categorized according descriptive mathematics and analyzed by structural equation model. Based on the values of "t", it can be said that all the hypotheses of the research have been approved. According to the final model, it can be said that the model has a powerful explanatory. Results show that the relationship between ethics and excellence is directly, positive and significant. The results of this study, other studies and religious values confirmed that the implementation of ethics in practice and institutionalize ethics in the organization can bring a lot of material and spiritual consequences.

Media as social and legal system, always attended in monitoring and protecting of environment. This study aims to investigate the barriers of media, based on the dimensions and indicators of media in national integrity system of Islamic Republic of Iran, as a new approach has been done to combat corruption. This study is conducted within the qualitative framework. Population of the study includes all the G.I.O, managers of sectors, journalists and experts of media. Thus 15 subjects were selected. Data collected by semi-structure interview and analyzed by qualitative analysis methods. The main challenges of media ethics can be briefly outlined as follows: state media outlets, uncertainty about action and red tape, ambiguities in legislation concerning the media, self-censorship, being costly of activities, lack of free access to, incorrect interaction of organizations with the media, lack of expertise and knowledge journalists. The results show that the obstacles facing the media in the form of four barriers (legal, political, economic and institutional) may be introduced. From the perspective of interviewees, the political barriers had a significant effect on the formation of other barriers.

Decision making as an organized form of ethical thinking is used as a mediator in solving ethical struggles. The goal of this study is, investigating the condition of ethical decision making in players of premier league and determining its related demographic factors. Research method of present study is descriptive- correlation. Population of study included all soccer players of Iranian premier league in 2012-2013(N=396). From all, 162 soccer players selected from 11 teams as a sample. The Dilemmas in Professional Soccer Questionnaire (DPSQ) was performed for gathering data. Finally, data analyzed by one-way variance analysis (p<0.05) and path analysis. Findings showed that ethical decision making of players had an unfavorable condition and most of players had a low responsibility and judgment, consciously. In addition, findings showed a significant relation between demographic factors (individual, professional and occupation experiences). According to results, determining and growing talented players and managing their individual, professional and occupational ethical experiences may be lead to improving ethical conditions in soccer players.