فصلنامه اخلاق در علوم و فناوری
سال دهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 31، بهار 1394)

Aging is a great stage of development. Today, the population of old people in developed countries is increasing. According to the especial problems that occur during aging, it is necessary to pay more attention to the quality and quantity of life of old people. The more important factor in interaction with old people is ethical considerations. Also, there are some diseases that they are belonging to aging, like Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, attending to aging and its especial disease is increasing. This study aims to recognize the ethical considerations of aging, especially old people with Alzheimer's disease. Ethical considerations of interaction and caring patients with Alzheimer's disease are studied into three stages; primary stage, middle stage and final stage and three parts; caring, therapeutic and research. Since Alzheimer's disease is a progressive and capability of patients declines during stages, necessity of considering ethical considerations during stages is more attended.

Today, ethic and moral values observance are the major and effective factors on the attitudes and behaviors of employees in the workplace. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of ethical climate with psychological wellbeing, organizational commitment, and job stress and turnover intention, according to the moderating role of self evaluations. This research is a descriptive-correlation study. Population of study includes all employees of National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC). The participants of this study include 270 employees who were selected by stratified random sampling method. The instruments used in this study were Ethical Climate, Core Self Evaluation, Psychological Wellbeing, Organizational Commitment, Role Stress and Turnover Intention Questionnaires. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and moderated hierarchical regression. Results show that ethical climate positively correlated with psychological wellbeing and organizational commitment, and negatively correlated with job stress and turnover intention. Furthermore, moderated regression analysis show that core self evaluations moderated these relationships significantly. The finding of the current study indicated that organizational ethical climate has important consequences for individuals and organizations. Therefore, creating ethical climate in organizations results in better performance of employees and organizational productivity.

It has been shown that the application of ethical leadership has a great result for the organization. The aim of this research is to analyze the relation of ethical leadership with organizational citizenship behavior and also to investigate this type of leadership with organizational citizenship behavior through of leader-member exchange, organizational commitment and job satisfaction. This research is descriptive-correlation. Population includes all the employees of Maroon oil and Gas Company which 250 persons have been selected by simple random selection. Data have been gathered by ethical leadership, leader-member exchange, organizational, job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior and job satisfaction questionnaire, and analyzed by structural equation modeling and bootstrap method. Structural equation modeling analyses indicated that the proposed model fit the data properly. The results also supported the direct relationship of ethical leadership and organizational citizenship behavior and indirect positive relationship of ethical leadership and organizational citizenship behavior through leader – member exchange, organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Applying ethical leadership style is in relation with the exceeding efficiency of employees. Therefore, with the use of this kind of leadership, the organization can see this kind of behaviors in their employees and consequently increase the efficiency of their organization.

The concept of Organizational Accountability attracts a lot of attention as one of the topics that discussed in today's organizations and analysis of this concept requires identifying and controlling the numerous internal and external factors. In this regard, the aims of present study investigation the relationships between professional ethics, social responsibility and organizational accountability in employees in the Power Distribution Company of Urmia. The research method was correlation. Population includes all employees in the Power Distribution Company (N=113) that by using census method all of themes were selected. Three questionnaires namely: "Professional Ethics", "Social Responsibility", and "Organizational Accountability" were used. Validity of the questionnaires was approved by Exploratory Factor Analysis and their reliability was calculated using Cranach's Alpha. The data was analyses by Structural Modeling. Findings show that there is a positive relationship between professional ethics and social responsibility. Also, there is a positive relationship between social responsibility and organizational accountability. At the same time, mediated by responsibility, ethics have positive indirect relationship between organizational accountability, but there is not a positive direct relationship between professional ethics and organizational accountability in this paper. According to the research findings, organizations should increase their attention to ethical issues that will follow promotion of social responsibility, organization the steps in establishing, maintaining and improving organizational accountability.

A lot of evidence of crisis in authentic leadership in almost all sectors of organizational and professional life of such as great embezzlements in organizations, financial bad performance, employee abuse, ethical corruption, aggressive and Illegal marketing activities, ethical scandals of the leaders and therefore distrust to leadership in organization and social has increased importance and necessity of the authentic leaders. The aim of this study is investigate the effect of supervisor's personality traits (conscientiousness, agreeableness and neuroticism) and ethical context on authentic leadership of with mediating role of leader-member exchange. This research is descriptive and correlation design Statistical society was employees of Bidboland gas refinery So that sample was selected from 209 persons of them were selected by simple random method. Data were gathered by personality traits (NEO-FFI), ethical context, leader-member exchange, authentic leadership scales. Data analyzed by Pearson correlation structural equation modeling and bootstrap method. Results indicated that personality traits and as well as ethical context in organization has considerable impact on improve leader-member exchanges and also followed trustworthiness leaders. managers and organizations leaders must be develop honest and trusting relationships in a work environment and to adjust organizational decisions and policies in line with self-actualization of and employees increase productivity.

Researches indicated that spirituality in workplace and ethical leadership have important role in creating and developing of psychological capital. For this reason, main purpose of this research was to study simple and multiple relationships between spirituality in workplace and ethical leadership with psychological capital. Research method of this study is a descriptive-correlation. Population includes all of the employees of a public organization in Esfahan, Iran, (N=320). Among all subjects, 180 of them were selected via convenience sampling. In this research a set of questionnaire such as spirituality in workplace (with14-item), ethical leadership (with 12-item), and psychological capital (with 24-item) were used. Data were analyzed by using Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis. Result show that there are significant positive relationship between spirituality in workplace and ethical leadership with psychological capital. Moreover, results of stepwise regression analysis show that, alignment with organizational values and ethical leadership are strongest predictors of psychological capital. It can be concluded that dimensions of psychological capital increase with highlighting spirituality in workplace and ethical leadership

The recent moral and financial collapse of several high profile organizations around the world has led the business community and the popular and business press to rediscover the worthiness of organizations virtues. The aim of this research was to examine the relationship between “conscientiousness, ethical climate and ethical leadership” and organizational virtuousness among an industrial company employees in Ahvaz, Iran. Study method is descriptive-correlation method. Population consists of the whole employees of industrial company in Ahvaz. Sample includes 227 this employees that have been selected with stratified random sampling method. The instruments which used in this study include personality, ethical climate, ethical leadership, and organizational virtuousness questionnaires. The correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis are used for analyzing the data, and factor analysis is used to examine the validity of organizational virtue. The results showed that there are positive and significant relationship between predictive variables conscientiousness, ethical climate and ethical leadership with organizational virtuousness. Results of regression analysis showed that ethical leadership, ethical climate and conscientiousness respectively play a main role in explaining the variance of organizational virtuousness. The results of this study show that both personality traits and environmental factors are good predictors in shaping organizational virtue. Therefore, the organizations should be organized for presence and efflorescence of the constituent, so that this result in positive organizational consequents.

Agricultural ethics deals with values and ethical issues in the production, distribution and consumption of agricultural products and foods. This study discussed the issues in agricultural ethics and examines the attitude of agricultural experts towards it. Descriptive-correlation research method is used. Research population is consisted of 120 agricultural experts from Golestan province Jihad-e-Keshavarzi organization which 53 persons were chosen as sample. Data collection was conducted through a questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed with SPSS software. Statistical methods such as percentage, mean, standard deviation, non-weighted linear combination, correlation coefficient and Mann-Whitney test were used. Farm structure, animal ethics, food safety, environmental impacts, international trade, food security, biotechnology and research ethics are the most important issues in agricultural ethics. Findings indicated that orientation of agricultural experts towards agricultural ethics is not desirable. Furthermore, the attitude towards agricultural ethics is independent of demographic properties such as age, education level and job history. Also, there was no difference between the agricultural experts regard to their residence place (urban or rural) and also having agriculture or not. The findings indicate the total retreated of current views of agricultural experts on the agricultural ethics and meeting its requirements of the various activities related to the agricultural sector. It is therefore essential that ethical issues related to agriculture as a needed element be included in the training of human resources for the agricultural sector. Furthermore, agricultural ethics should be included in agricultural policies and development in order to compatible agriculture with the human values and virtues.

Ethical sensitivity is an important competency for teaching and it aims to nurture students both ethically and cognitively. According to the importance of ethical sensitivity in teaching, this paper examines the relationship between ethical sensitivity and caring teaching in order to build and fit a model that explains the relationship between these variables. The research approach of this study was quantitative. The population was the entire elementary, secondary and high school’s teachers (female and male) in Kamyaran, Kurdistan, Iran in 2013. The sample size was 242 teachers (54% male and 46% female). We sued random stratified sampling in order to select participants. Data was collected with a questionnaire including two scales: Ethical Sensitivity Scale and Caring Teaching Scale. We used confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling for analyzing data. Results showed that all dimensions of both ethical sensitivity and caring teaching had reliable psychometric properties. According to the relationship between two variables, we found that caring through communication had no statistical significant effect on caring teaching. However, acceptance opinions of others, understanding ethical Issues, and identifying the consequences of action and options demonstrate significant effects on caring teaching. Ethical sensitivity and caring teaching are important elements for developing teachers’ moral competency. In this way, teachers can develop theoretical and empirical insights into the moral foundation of teaching.

Since the goal of formulation of ethical values is ethical behavior by employees in the organization, Ethical behavior is done when the ethical values can eliminate barriers to ethical behavior in organizations. Therefore, the aim of this research is the study of literature in this area and provides a model for assessing the achievement of this goal. In the present study we have tried to design a model based on defining the intermediate variables affecting on ethical behavior for surveying the role of ethical values in the ethical behavior. The research method of this study is descriptive- correlation. The population of the research includes all the staffs of the Mellat bank in Tehran and the sample size based on Kendal formula is 350 staffs who are selected by random sampling, path analysis and structural equation modeling is used for analyzing data. Based on significant coefficient index, it is demonstrated that ethical values have positive and significant effect on all three dimensions of organizational justice. Among three dimensions of organizational justice, just interactive justice is related to both organizational commitment and job satisfaction and procedural justice is correlated only to organizational commitment. Organizational commitment and job satisfaction are positively correlated to ethical behavior. according to the findings, it can be suggested that the ethical values of the organization can lead to ethical behavior of employees through organizational justice, job satisfaction and employee engagement.

Spirituality is a very broad concept that everyone has a different interpretation from it due to his beliefs, faiths and personal values. Some of the scientists believe in religion oriented for spirituality, but others believe that spirituality has no relation with religion and it is very wider than it. Since in our Iranian community, spiritual is religion based and the teachings of Islam make the spirituality, so the main objective of this study is analyzing the factors affecting organizational spirituality according to the national and religious patterns. The present study method is descriptive-correlation. Population includes all employees of Yazd government selected organizations which 198 of them selected as a statistical sample on the basis of formula Cochran and in stratified method. Questionnaire is used for collecting data, for analyzing the data Bartlett test, KMO and structural equation method was used. Confirmatory factor analysis results show that eight factors: virtues, spiritual, content, structure, leadership, culture space, faith and motivation are considered as factors that have influence on organizational spiritual. Also, results show that relation between eight effective factors on organizational spirituality is meaningful. Based on findings of this study, we can conclude that all eight factors (although with different degrees) are important, and identification of them is just for understanding and recognizing the factors that have more effects.

Accounting is a regular profession in the world. Because of services, it needs to special trust and credit. Persistence of the trust and credit and their reinforcement depend on the practical commitment to ethical instructions. The goal of this study is to consider the relation between moral reasoning, moral thoughts, moral intentions and moral inclination. Population of the study includes all formal accountants who work in Tehran. Among All subjects, 74 accountants are selected randomly as a sample. Data are collected by questionnaire and then they are analyzed by T-test and structural equation method. Results show a significant positive correlation between moral reasoning and moral thinking (r=0. 24)، Significant positive relationship between moral reasoning and moral intent (r=0. 22) and Significant positive relationship between moral reasoning and moral tendency is (0. 42). It can be concluded that Relationship between these variables may be an obvious case of moral judgment when making decisions during the use of CPAs. The need for training and development of professional ethics in the field of accounting will unavoidably.