فهرست مطالب

Sports Medicine - Volume:7 Issue: 3, Sep 2016

Asian Journal of Sports Medicine
Volume:7 Issue: 3, Sep 2016

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1395/08/09
  • تعداد عناوین: 13
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  • Maydeye Nazari, Mohammad Ali Azarbayjani*, Kamal Azizbeigi Page 1
    Background
    Exercise order is one of the key variables in designing resistance training (RT) that may affect physiological and functional muscle characteristics..
    Objectives
    The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of exercise order of RT on muscle strength, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) enzymes as indices of muscle damage in active young girls..
    Patients and
    Methods
    For this purpose, 24 active girls aged 20 - 30 years voluntarily participated in six weeks RT. The subjects were randomly assigned into three groups of large to small muscle group (SLM, n = 8), large to small group (LSM, n = 8) and control group (Co, n = 8). The RT performed in bench press, lat pull down, triceps with machine and biceps with barbell. Before and after RT, blood sample was collected to measure the level of LDH and CK enzymes activity..
    Results
    The result of analysis indicated that RT significantly increased the level of LDH enzymes in all three groups (P 0.05). However, there is no significant difference between SLM, LSM and control in CK and LDH after six weeks RT..
    Conclusions
    Both RT methods cause the same improvement on muscle strength and performance. Also muscle damage indices did not show sensitivity to the exercise order. Therefore, resistance training may be designed regardless of effect of exercise order on muscle damage..
    Keywords: Weight Training, Creatine Kinase, Strength, Lactate Dehydrogenase
  • Meissam Sadeghisani *, Farideh Dehghan Manshadi, Hadi Azimi, Ali Montazeri Page 2
    Background
    Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire (BHPAQ) has widely been employed in clinical and laboratorial studies as a tool for measuring subject's physical activities. But, the reliability and validity of this questionnaire have not been investigated among Persian speakers..
    Objectives
    Therefore, the aim of the current study was examining the reliability and validity of the Persian version of the BHPAQ in healthy Persian adults..
    Materials And Methods
    After following the process of forward-backward translation, 32 subjects were invited to fill out the Persian version of the questionnaire in two independent sessions (3 - 7 days after the first session) in order to determine the reliability index. Also, the validity of the questionnaire was assessed through concurrent validity by 126 subjects (66 males and 60 females) answering both the Baecke and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)..
    Results
    An acceptable level of intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC of work score = 0.95, sport score = 0.93, and leisure score = 0.77) was achieved for the Persian Baecke questionnaire. Correlations between Persian Baecke and IPAQ with and without the score for sitting position were found to be 0.19 and 0.36, respectively..
    Conclusions
    The Persian version of the BHPAQ is a reliable and valid instrument that can be used to measure the level of habitual functional activities in Persian-speaking subjects..
    Keywords: Validity, Reliability, Baecke Questionnaire, Persian Version
  • Ahmad Azad*, Mansour Mousavi, Ali Gorzi, Aghaali Ghasemnian Page 3
    Background
    Pre-cooling is known to enhance exercise performance in soccer players. However, little information currently exists regarding precooling effects in Iranian young soccer players..
    Objectives
    The aim of this study was to assess the effect of precooling (water immersion) on exhaustive performance in the heat ( temperature = 32 - 34°C, humidity = 50%)..
    Patients and
    Methods
    Sixteen young male soccer players from the provincial competitive teams were divided into two equal groups and were randomly assigned to precooling (age = 16.5 ± 1.1 year, height = 171.7 ± 6.4 cm, BMI = 21.5 ± 3.3, VO2max = 50.6 ± 6.9 mL/kg/min) and non-precooling (age = 16.1 ± 1.1 year, height = 170.0 ± 4.7 cm, BMI = 21.3 ± 3.6, VO2max = 50.6 ± 6.8 mL/kg/min) groups. An exhaustive treadmill run test was conducted after warm-up (non-precooling) or warm-up water immersion (temperature = 22 - 24°C). Oral temperature, plasma lactate and plasma volume were measured at the baseline (fasting state), mid test (immediately after warm up or warm -up water immersion) and post test (immediately after exhaustive test). Mixed repeated measures analysis of variance and independent t test were used for data analyzing. P
    Results
    There were no significant differences between two groups at baseline, mid test and post test regarding oral temperature and plasma lactate. The time to exhaustion was considerably higher in the precooling group compared with the non-precooling group, but the difference was not statistically significant. No significant differences were found between the two groups on measures of the baseline and mid test plasma volume, but post test plasma volume was significantly higher in the precooling group compared to the non-precooling group (P
    Conclusions
    These results show that precooling effectively attenuates dehydration, but has no positive effect on exhaustion time in the hot environment..
    Keywords: Heat Temperature, Exercise, Plasma Volume
  • Shweta Shenoy*, Mrinal Dhawan, Jaspal Singh Sandhu Page 4
    Background
    The effects of consumption of isolated soy protein (ISP) for a chronic period (4 weeks) on exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD) in athletic population have never been explored..
    Objectives
    To examine the effects of ISP on muscle damage indices elicited via a bout of damaging exercise..
    Patients and
    Methods
    Forty males (20 boxers, 20 cyclists) aged 18 - 28 years were randomly assigned to two groups (ISP and Placebo) (n = 20). All participants who engaged themselves in specific, regular training of 30 hours a week during the competitive season were included in the study. Participants consumed the supplement and the placebo for 4 weeks. The damaging exercise consisted of 100 consecutive drop-jumps. Pre and post supplementation readings of the criterion variables, highly sensitive C reactive protein (hs-cRP), creatine Kinase (CK), myeloperoxidase (MPO), isometric muscle strength, maximum aerobic capacity (VO2 max), heart rate (HR) and muscle soreness were obtained at baseline (Day 1), at 24 hours (Day 2) and at 48 hours (Day 3) following EIMD..
    Results
    Differences were observed in pre and post supplementation values (P
    Conclusions
    Our findings suggest that soy protein; a vegetable based supplement is effective, in ameliorating the negative effects of EIMD in trained athletic population..
    Keywords: Amino Acids, Soybean Proteins, Exercise, Creatine Kinase, C, Reactive Protein
  • Marcelo Magalhaes Sales*, Caio Victor De Sousa, Wellington Barbosa Sampaio, Carlos Ernesto, Rodrigo Alberto Vieira Browne, Jose Fernando Vila Nova De Moraes, Daisy Motta, Santos, Milton Rocha Moraes, John Eugene Lewis, Herbert Gustavo Sim, Otilde, Es, Francisco Martins Da Silva Page 5
    Background
    Worldwide, systemic arterial hypertension is a leading cause of death and non-communicable cardiovascular disease. A major factor contributing to this disease is a sedentary lifestyle. However, physical exercise, such as martial arts, may be an option for blood pressure (BP) control. The magnitude of post-exercise hypotension is associated with a prolonged decrease in BP in normotensive and hypertensive individuals..
    Objectives
    The present study aimed to verify the effects of a Contact Karate (CK) session on BP responses during a post-exercise recovery period in young adults..
    Patients and
    Methods
    Thirty-two male CK athletes volunteered (28.2 ± 6.7 years; 77.0 ± 5.7 kg; and 176.0 ± 4.7 cm) and underwent one CK session (50 minutes) and a control session in which no exercise was performed and the individuals remain seated during the whole time. BP was measured during rest (before sessions), as well as on the 15th, 30th, 45th, and 60th minutes of the post-exercise recovery..
    Results
    The systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were significantly lower at the post-exercise period compared to pre-exercise rest (P
    Conclusions
    A single CK session can promote a decrease in BP for at least 60 minutes after performing this type of exercise in young adults..
    Keywords: Martial Arts, Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Benefits, Fighting Sports, Health Promotion
  • Mohammad Javad Haerinejad, Afshin Ostovar, Mohammad Reza Farzaneh, Mojtaba Keshavarz* Page 6
    Background
    Several reports have implied progressive increase of performance-enhancing drug (PED) use among Iranian athletes. More importantly, most of the previous research in the Iranian population had mainly focused on the anabolic steroid abuse, and ignored other agents..
    Objectives
    The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of PED use among bodybuilding athletes in Bushehr, south of Iran..
    Methods
    Four hundred and fifty three male bodybuilding athletes were recruited from Bushehr gyms between February and May of 2015. Men were eligible to participate in the survey if they had regularly participated in the strength-training exercise (minimum of 1 year and 4 hour/week). Data were collected via a face-to-face interview. The survey consisted of three separate parts including demographic data, exercise pattern and PED use..
    Results
    According to this study, 234 (51.7%) of bodybuilding athletes had used PEDs. The PED users reported an average of 3.80 ± 4.52 agents’ use in their programs and they had used PEDs for the average of 3.24 ± 3.99 years. The most prevalent agents which had been abused by the athletes were anabolic steroids (used by 185 athletes (79.4% of athletes). Furthermore, 110 (47%) of athletes reported stimulant agents’ use during their routines. The most prevalent motivation for using PEDs was increasing muscle mass that was reported by 164 (70.1%) of PED users. In addition, sexual and dermatologic effects were the most prevalent adverse effects reported by the PED user athletes (114 (49.4%) and 103 (44.2%), respectively)..
    Conclusions
    This study showed the high rate of PED use among recreational and professional Iranian bodybuilding athletes that can expose them to the serious side effects of these agents..
    Keywords: Performance Enhancing Drugs, Anabolic Agents, Stimulants, Prevalence
  • Mohsen Soori, Shahram Mohaghegh*, Maryam Hajain, Behrooz Moraadi Page 7
    Background
    Ramadan fasting is a major challenge for exercising Muslims especially in warm seasons. There is some evidence to indicate that Ramadan fasting causes higher subjective ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) in fasting Muslims. The mechanisms of this phenomenon are not known exactly. The role of respiratory muscle strength in this regard has not been studied yet..
    Objectives
    The aim of this study was investigation of the effects of Ramadan fasting on respiratory muscle strength..
    Patients and
    Methods
    In a before-after study, from 35 fasting, apparently healthy, male adults who had fasted from the beginning of Ramadan, maximal inspiratory muscle pressure (MIP) and peak inspiratory flow (PIF) were measured in the last week of Ramadan month in summer. At the time of test, there was not any sleep problem in participants and all of them had good cooperation. Three months later, after exclusion of incompatible persons mainly because of change in their physical activity level, smoking behavior or drug consumption, the measurements were repeated in 12 individuals..
    Results
    Weight, MIP and PIF data had normal distribution (Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test). There was a significant increase in MIP (mean 8.3 cm H2O with 95% confidence interval of 2.2 - 14.3) and PIF (mean 0.55 lit/s with 95% confidence interval of 0.02 - 1.07) and weight (mean 3.4 Kg with 95% confidence interval of 2.2 - 4.5) after Ramadan (Paired t test with P
    Conclusions
    Ramadan fasting may cause reduction of respiratory muscle strength through reduction of body weight..
    Keywords: Fasting, Respiratory Muscle, Athletes
  • Farzin Halabchi, Hooman Angoorani, Maryam Mirshahi, Mohammad Hosein Pourgharib Shahi*, Mohammad Ali Mansournia Page 8
    Background
    Lateral ankle sprains (LAS) are among the most common sports- related injuries and the reinjury rate is very high..
    Objectives
    This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of some intrinsic risk factors among professional football and basketball players with or without history of acute or recurrent ankle sprain..
    Patients and
    Methods
    One hundred and six professional football and basketball players who were referred for pre-participation examinations were recruited in this study. Prepared checklist was completed for each participant. Athletes were asked for any history of previous ankle sprain and the severity (based of self-description of signs and symptoms by the athlete), level and number of injuries in the last two years. All players were assessed for measures of foot posture index- 6, foot length and width, Beighton generalized joint laxity score, anterior drawer and talar tilt tests, star excursion and single leg balance tests and goniometric assessment of ankle plantarflexion, ankle dorsiflexion and first metatarsophalangeal dorsiflexion..
    Results
    Forty eight basketball players (45.3%) and 58 football players (54.7%) with mean (SD) age of 19.8 (4.5) years participated. About 58.5% and 14.2% of athletes had a history of ankle sprain and recurrent sprain in at least one extremity, respectively. Sprains were more prevalent in basketball players and in dominant leg. There was no significant difference in assessed risk factors between athletes with and without history of ankle sprain, except for positive single leg balance test which was more prevalent in athletes with history of ankle sprain and also for positive talar tilt test and decreased ankle plantarflexion range of motion in acute and recurrent injury of left ankle..
    Conclusions
    Some intrinsic risk factors including lateral ankle ligaments laxity, balance and ankle plantarflexion seem to be related to acute or recurrent LAS in athletes. Further research is needed to reveal the role of different arthrokinematics following lateral ankle sprain..
    Keywords: Ankle Sprain, Intrinsic Risk Factors, Balance, Instability, Athletes, Joint Laxity
  • Afsaneh Safar Cherati, Sara Lotfian*, Aliashraf Jamshidi, Mohammad Ali Sanjari, Mohammad Razi Page 9
    Background
    The effects of exercise volume on the pattern of muscle activity is one of the most important factors in training management and injury risk reduction. In the lower limb, the quadriceps muscle which plays a determining role in performing the stance and other karate techniques could be injured in intensive exercise and may induce anterior knee pain in athletes..
    Objectives
    The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between training volume and muscle activity of vastus medialis and vastus lateralis and its association with anterior knee pain in karate elites..
    Patients and
    Methods
    Male and female athletes from national junior and cadet karate team (14 to 18 years) were invited to participate in the study at the beginning and the end of the training camps. Studies involved measurement of electromyographic muscle activity of vastus medialis and vastus lateralis in both lower extremities with surface electromyography device and assessment of movement by electrogoniometery. Muscle activity was recorded in three tests of dachi, walking up and walking down stairs. Simultaneously, anterior knee pain was evaluated using visual analogue scale and anterior knee pain scale questionnaire..
    Results
    Eight athletes of a total number of 23 reported increased ratings of pain in their right knees. No differences in muscle activity were observed in tests of Dachi and stairs between the groups with and without pain. Comparing Dachi task pattern at the beginning and end of training camps, there was no significant difference in pattern of biomechanical movement; however, reducing the amount of muscle activity in early and late phases of tasks was observed in electromyographic assessment..
    Conclusions
    The results showed that performing the same task after a six-week training period, less muscle activity was required in all phases in two groups of tasks, including karate-specific movement (dachi) and activities of daily living (up or down stairs)..
    Keywords: Vastus Medialis, Vastus Lateralus, Exercise Volume, Karate
  • Reza Mazaheri, Mohammad Ali Sanjari, Gelareh Radmehr, Farzin Halabchi, Hooman Angoorani* Page 10
    Background
    Due to biomechanical differences, various patterns of muscle contraction are expected to occur while walking over ground versus when walking on a treadmill..
    Objectives
    This study aimed to compare amplitude and duration of activation of selected trunk and lower extremity muscles during over-ground and treadmill walking..
    Materials And Methods
    Through a simple sampling method, 19 sedentary healthy men within the age range of 20 - 40 were selected. Surface electromyography of rectus abdominis, external oblique, longissimus and multifidus muscles as the selected trunk muscles and vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and hamstrings as the selected lower limb muscles were recorded..
    Results
    In each gait cycle, there were no statistically significant differences in duration of selected trunk as well as lower limb muscles activity between treadmill and over-ground walking. However the mean amplitude of rectus abdominis (P = 0.005), longissimus (P = 0.018) and multifidus (P = 0.044) as the selected trunk muscles as well as the mean amplitude of vastus lateralis (P = 0.005) and vastus medialis (P
    Conclusions
    Due to the stabilizing role of trunk and lower limb muscles during walking, these muscles seem to be active throughout the entire gait cycle. The increased muscle amplitude on treadmill can demonstrate that more motor units may be recruited during the contraction, which can be helpful in prescribing the appropriate type of exercise especially for patients with core muscle weakness..
    Keywords: Trunk Muscles, Lower Extremity, Muscle Activity Amplitude, Surface EMG
  • Seyedeh Faezeh Pourhashemi, Hedayat Sahraei, Gholam Hossein Meftahi*, Boshra Hatef, Bahareh Gholipour Page 11
    Background
    Physical activity increases the performance of the nervous system by stimulating the body’s metabolism and improving the efficiency of the ATP production system..
    Objectives
    In the present study, the effect of twenty minutes scuba diving in high depth (10m) on cognitive function and stress system activity was investigated..
    Methods
    Twelve professional scuba divers with a mean age of 23 ± 1 year, weight of 80 ± 2.5 kg and height of 1.79 ± 3.5 cm resident in the city of Mashhad participated in the test. Their cognitive functions were measured 60 min before and 20 min after diving and the data were evaluated using the PASAT software. In the present study, parameters such as general mental health, sustained attention, average response speed, and mental fatigue were measured. Moreover, in order to determine the activity of the stress system, their salivary cortisol was collected before and after diving..
    Results
    Results revealed that, the general mental health of these scuba divers was normal and it did not undergo a remarkable change after diving. Their average response speed and sustained attention had a significant decrease after scuba diving. Mental fatigue after diving increased. Also, salivary cortisol level significantly increased after diving..
    Conclusions
    According to our data, it seems that scuba diving as stress stimulant increases cortisol level and therefore reduces cognitive performance after diving..
    Keywords: Cognitive Function, Mental Fatigue, Processing Speed, Salivary Cortisol, Sustained Attention, PASAT
  • Shahnaz Tofangchiha, Behnam Rabiee, Farzad Mehrabi* Page 12
    Background
    Headache is one of the most common complaints in today's society. Patterns and prevalence of headache, especially headaches associated with physical activity (Exertional Headache) in the population of conscripts in our country is unknown..
    Objectives
    In this cross sectional study we tried to answer these questions to some extent..
    Patients and
    Methods
    Using a Persian questionnaire based on international headache society criteria of headache types (ICHD-II) and a sample size of 300, filled by two trained medical doctors, we gathered our data and analyzed it with an acceptable P value of
    Results
    Headache prevalence among our conscript participants was 78.7%. The prevalence of exertional headache was 12.7%. EH sufferers’ mean age was 22.16 (SD: 2.60) years. EH was found more often bilaterally and almost equally pulsating or compressive. The main location of pain was frontotemporal region. The most common aggravating and alleviating factors of EH were hot environment and discontinuation of exercise respectively..
    Conclusions
    Our team provided a reasonable database of exertional headache and its characteristics in conscripts’ population which could be used in further investigations to improve their general health and function..
    Keywords: Epidemiology, Exertional Headache, Conscripts