فصلنامه توسعه کارآفرینی
سال پنجم شماره 2 (پیاپی 16، تابستان 1391)

Entrepreneurship is a process of identifying, evaluating and exploiting opportunities to produce goods and services in the future. In fact, entrepreneurship is a means to study opportunities. Entrepreneurship and opportunity recognition are closely intertwined, and an important element of entrepreneurship process is opportunity recognition. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of individual and social factors and entrepreneurial alertness on opportunity recognition and the method used was descriptive-survey and correlational. The statistical population included 88 top entrepreneurs in the Province of Tehran in 2010 and 2011. In this study, instead of sampling, the census was used and questionnaires were sent to the focus group. Ultimately, 55 questionnaires were returned and analyzed by PLS technique. The results showed that factors such as creativity, self-efficacy, social weak ties and entrepreneurial alertness have positive impacts on opportunity recognition but the impacts of the factors such as prior knowledge, social strong ties and mentors, guidelines on opportunity recognition were not confirmed. The influence of independent variables on the dependent variables can be ranked as (1) entrepreneurial alertness, (2) creativity, (3)social weak ties and (4)self-efficacy.

Evaluation of reserves and hydrocarbon resources and geographical distribution were shown up in the global horizon 2025. Only five Middle Eastern countries including Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait and UAE, having about 70 percent of the world reserves of oil and petrochemicals will be major producers of petrochemical products. Studying the number of academic centers and graduated students in petrochemical field and also the production rate of science and technology among the countries will determine that only Iran can benefit from the advantages of planning strategies for commercialization and new product design and development process based on academic research in the field of petrochemical industry. The effective factors of university research commercialization strategies in petrochemical industry are identified in this article. The research method in this paper is a mixed method and the results reveal that that the effective factors influencing the university research commercialization strategies in petrochemical industry consist of organizational, environmental, individual institutional and technological factors.

The objective of this paper is to investigate the role of organizational culture in entrepreneurial orientation of Zamyad experts. Our sample contains all of the experts of Zamyad Company who are about 180people. We included all of the people in our sample for analysis because thire number was limited. About 133of them were completed and returned questionnaires. We used “Denison” and “Lumpkin and Dess” for measuring organizational culture and entrepreneurial orientation constructs. In addition, we used linear regression for testing the role of organizational culture in entrepreneurial orientation of the Zamyad experts and also multiple regression to test the role of every dimension of the organizational culture in entrepreneurial orientation. Our results revealed the pivotal and significant role of organizational culture in entrepreneurial orientation of Zamyad experts. thus leaders should concentrate on organizational culture and act towards regulation of organization’s values and norms of people.

The identification of effective elements of innovation among organizations capture the attention of many scholars whereas organizational climate, organizational culture and knowledge management are the most important elements which can affect innovation. This study comes up with identifying the effect of organizational climate on innovation in Bank Mellat. The statistical population of this study was the staff of Bank Mellat in the City of Tehran that almost added up to 4964 in the year 1390(2010-2011). The samples of this study were based on Cochran’s formula (with an error of %5) with the usage of SRS (Stratified Random Sampling) table of 357 persons. The questionnaire was the tool of gathering information in this study as prepared by researchers from the combination of two standards about innovation and organizational climate. Also the Likert Scale was used to measure the variables. The organizational climate was evaluated with the focus on the seven factors of: “organizational structure, team-working, rewarding, risk-taking, relations, organizational commitment and organizational conflict” which derived from Arabaci’s Model. The results show direct and positive relationship between organizational climate and innovation. At last from the 7 factors of organizational climate, only 4 variables of relations, team-working, risk-taking and organizational commitment were proved to have impact on organizational clomate and innovation.

Nowadays, exceedingly rapid advances in information and technology and their applicability in different sectors of organizations have contributed to penetration of information technology in human resource processes and systems, creating a new approach in human resource management referred to as e-human resource management. All organizations need new ideas and innovations for their viability. They are supposed to enable the employees to nurture their creativity, have job-creating motives, and accomplish their innovative activities easily, continuously, and individually or collectively. Thus, electronic-human resource management plays a leading role in this regard. The objective of this research is to study the role of Electronic Human Resource Management (EHRM) in innovation at Saderat Bank. This research can be considered an applied research based on its goal, and a mixed research based on its research methodology. The statistical sample includes the top managers in administration division (for a Qualitative Method) and members in other divisions (for a Quantitative Method).The data gathering tools are interviews and questionnaires. For data analysis the Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Regression Analysis have been used. The results show that the IT infrastructure for payments and performance based-rewards, performance management and training management have the most impact on motivation towards innovation among the staff.

As far as the statistics is concerned, the high figures of unsuccessful entrepreneurs and business venture failures may raise the fundamental question of why some businesses collapse. The performance in sports business field is the main objective of this research. To this end, two hundred and seventeen, (217) entrepreneurs who were involved in sports services answered the questionnaires on personality traits, opportunity recognition, management skills and leadership style and five indexes were used in order to measure the venture performance. All questionnaires were valid and reliable. The data were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis, multiple regressions and structural equation modeling. The results showed that personality traits, management skills, transformational leadership style as well as opportunity recognition have a significant relationship with an entrepreneur's performance in sports business field, which can explain 50% of variance in venture performance, but no obvious relationship was detected between transactional leadership style and venture performance.

The turbulent environment and competitive markets and necessity for innovation will lead research institutes to entrepreneurship-related areas. The necessity felt by the Research Institute of Petroleum Industry for wealth creation through developing and commercializing technology has resulted in doing the current research aimed at measuring the impact of GLOBE cultural model elements on entrepreneurship. The research method is descriptive–correlational based on Structural Equation Modeling. The survey population were the employees of RIPI out of which 180 employees were selected by using a random sampling based on Morgan formula. The main tool for gathering data was a questionnaire. The results indicate that there is a positive relationship between in-group collectivism, assertiveness, future orientation, performance orientation, altruistic dimensions and entrepreneurship. While there is a negative relationship between power distance as well as uncertainty avoidance dimensions and entrepreneurship, no significant relationship is detected between in-group collectivism, gender equality and entrepreneurship. Subsequently, some suggestions are provided for entrepreneurs to help them understand and manage cultural elements in order to provide them new insights into entrepreneurship.

Creating appropriate job opportunities has been considered one of the ways to achieve sustainable development and economic growth. Evidence from developed countries shows that entrepreneurship can lead to improvement in wealth and technology as well as employment. Indeed, enhancement of SMEs is a good way for entrepreneurship development. This paper attempts to investigate the role of SMEs in employment creation in some developing countries by using the method of Panel Data. Based on empirical results, the increased number of SMEs will yield benefits to developing countries for faster economic growth in their transition period.

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play a vital role in economic development of countries. It has been estimated that about 80 percent of world economic growth is created by SMEs. However, a high percentage of small businesses fail in the early years of their establishment. Meanwhile, because of changing technology and also the need for high initial capital, high-tech SME's face a more difficult situation. This paper aims to develop a mathematical model in order to determine the factors affecting high-tech SME's success and also to prioritize these factors. Considering the large number of factors and also existence of correlation, Analytic Network Process (ANP) method is employed to analyze the data and determine the relative importance of the factors affecting the success of High-Tech SMEs. Considering, the uncertainty associated with the qualitative judgment of decision makers, collecting of the experts, judgments was carried out by using linguistic scales. Accordingly data analysis was carried out by using fuzzy set theory. With the factor weights found via ANP, it can be determined which factor has a greater effect on high-tech SME's successes. Based on the results obtained, the first three important main factors in SME's success are: "business policies and regulation", "technology-related factor" and "entrepreneurs, characteristics" with the weights of O0.194, O0.141 and O0.135 respectively.

During the recent decades, the social problems that are emerging around the world, have increased the importance of social entrepreneurship as a solution to such problems, creation of social value and improvement of human welfaer. Consequently, some scholars have begun to pay particular attention to this phenomenon. However, to this date few studies have been conducted on the environmental factors affecting the emergence and implementation of social entrepreneurship, while social entrepreneurship can be facilitated and constrained by the institutional factors. Based on North’s institutional approach, this study was conducted to determine the role of environment in the emergence of social entrepreneurial activities in a qualitative study by semi structured interviews with 10 social entrepreneurs in Tehran. Both formal and informal institutional factors influencing the emergence of social entrepreneurial activities have been identified. The results point out that the non-formal institutional factors such as "need and social value" and" attitude and social responsibility" and the formal institutional factor such as" governmental inefficiency" are influencing the emergence of social entrepreneurial activities.