فصلنامه توسعه کارآفرینی
سال یازدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 41، پاییز 1397)

Occurrence of business scandals like Enron and Parmalat around the world in recent decades, have increased the importance of business leaders and entrepreneurs’ commitment to business ethics. Today entrepreneurs strive to make employment and producing innovative products is in high rank in Iran. There is also a crucial need for deep understanding of above mentioned phenomenon to prevent its repetition. So this qualitative research (theme analysis) tries to explore the nature of the Iranian entrepreneur leaders’ commitment to business ethics. Authors tried to account the conception of subjects from the meaning of business ethics and explore their experiences in ethical dilemmas in their business and analyze their commitment to ethical codes. Statistical population is composed of entrepreneur leaders identified by business experts. Final selection of samples has been done by purposeful sampling and field data gathered by ten semi-structured and behavioral interviews. The thematic Analysis used to analyze the data (extract relevant evidence, initial coding and finding common themes). The finding of the research shows that common understanding of entrepreneur leaders from business ethics is integrity and honesty in producing products and offering services but their commitment to business ethics emerge in three different forms that authors propose a typology to this phenomenon; minimum commitment to business ethics (lawful), medium commitment (market-based) and maximum commitment (deontic).

Resilience is one of the most important concepts in different sciences, which have been studied by researchers in the field of business and organization in recent years. The resilience is the capacity of a business to survive, adapt and sustain when faced with turbulent and volatile changes. This study aims to assess the small and medium enterprises’ resilience capacity in automotive suppliers. Accordingly, the current research based on the objective is an applied research and is conducted on descriptive survey design. The population of this study was all SMEs active in the field of automotive suppliers in Iran. Using Cochran's formula, 99 companies were selected by simple random sampling. After distributing and collecting standard questionnaires, Structural equation modeling and Smart PLS3 software were used to analyze the data. Findings showed that the dynamic competitiveness, assets and resourcefulness of small and medium enterprises explain 34 percen and 41.5 percent of their resilience changes, respectively. The effect of learning and culture on resilience capacity has not been meaningful.

Today, with the ever-increasing share of services in the economies of the countries, Innovation in services and New Service Development (NSD) have become crucial for service providers. Investigating the reasons of new service development failures in various service sectors, is one of the important topics in this area in the world, especially in Iran. This qualitative research investigates the reasons of New Service Development failures in Iranian mobile operators from the perspective of development process with a multiple case study approach. In this study, among the unsuccessful experiences of new service development in Iranian mobile operators, five cases were selected, investigated and then analyzed through purposive sampling. The findings of the study indicate that, failure to take into account the cultural and social considerations, failure to remember some important steps, failure to perform legal evaluations, failure to observe emerging technologies and services, failure to categorize the steps, failure to consider sufficient and appropriate number of decision making gateways and also, failure to use the parallel patterns in development process are the most significant reasons of service development failure in the case studies. At the end of the article, some preventive recommendations have been made.

In the theoretical literature of business, emphasis is placed on the key role of internationalization in enhancing the quality of organizational functions as well as the final variables such as efficiency and effectiveness. Considering this importance and considering the role of knowledge-based companies in creating employment and entrepreneurship, in this research the impact of variables of foreign market knowledge and international entrepreneurship opportunity recognition in small and medium enterprises have been investigated. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive - correlation in terms of its nature and method. Data were collected from 157 knowledgeable companies from all over the country. The hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling method using partial least squares and Smart PLS software. The findings of this research show that foreign market knowledge and recognition of international entrepreneurship opportunities have a positive impact on the internationalization of knowledge-based enterprises, also, the role of the mediator variable of international entrepreneurial opportunity recognition in the relationship between foreign market knowledge and internationalization was confirmed. So, it is necessary to consider the development of the capabilities for recognizing market knowledge and identifying the international entrepreneurship opportunities of managers and practitioners as strategic priorities in order to contribute to the positive spillovers of knowledge based companies on the country's economy.

Cultural entrepreneurship is one of the dimensions of economic development. Focusing on it is one of the factors behind the progress and success of the developed countries. This has led to more attention in this category in Iran. More recently it has become one of the main sources of income for artists in the field of art and culture. The current research aims to identify and categorize the entrepreneurial mindset of cultural entrepreneurship in Ilam province. The theoretical framework of this research is a kind of interpretive-positivist paradigm. The research method in terms of purpose is an applied, exploratory, and using Q method. In this regard, first, using theoretical literature and conducting semi-structured interviews with 12 cultural experts in the field of cultural entrepreneurship selected as snowball sampling, 110 effective factors in cultural entrepreneurship were identified. Of these factors, 43 factors were selected as the sample of the research. Then, eight of the professors and experts in the field of cultural entrepreneurship were selected purposefully And their mentality after rating Q cards was identified using exploratory factor analysis in SPSS software. The results showed that eight subjects had a total of three mental patterns on cultural entrepreneurship: cultural innovation, cultural marketing and cultural affairs. These patterns account for 63.810% of total variance. The first mental pattern is 29.480 percent, the second mental pattern is 19.291 percent, and the third subjective pattern is 15.039 percent of the total variance.

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the long-term relationship between entrepreneurial activities, tax evasion and corruption using data from 36 OECD member countries during the period of 2000-2010. This research is applied in terms of goal, and descriptive-correlational in terms of data gathering. For this purpose, secondary data used and collected from international reports, which present economic and entrepreneurial indices of countries based on survey data. Data during the period of 2000-2010 are modeled using panel cointegration approach by Eviews 9 software. The results indicate a long-term relationship among the variables. In addition, the results showed that the impact of corruption on all three stages of entrepreneurial Innovation, total entrepreneurship activity and established entrepreneurship was negative. However, the results on the impact of tax evasion on entrepreneurial innovation are positive. Moreover, the results showed that by using the DOLS and FMOLS estimates, tax evasion has a negative effect on the new and established entrepreneurship, while it has a positive impact on the entrepreneurial Innovation. Consequently, if entrepreneurship is one of the main drivers of economic growth, policymakers and the government should simultaneously adopt policies to combat corruption and reduce institutional weaknesses when trying to reduce tax evasion.

The literature shows that entrepreneurship and a quality institutional environment lay a firm foundation for the economic growth in a developed country and yield the desirable outcomes. The present paper studied the role of an institutional environment in the execution of entrepreneurial activities and the economic growth. Accordingly, the effective institutional factors were categorized under official institutional factors and non-official institutional factors; entrepreneurial activities were classified under two motivational groups: opportunity-oriented entrepreneurship and necessity-oriented entrepreneurship. Afterwards, their effects in the economic growth were examined. The main objective of this study was to examine the effect of entrepreneurship and institutional environments on the economic growth in the selected countries. The data of 30 selected countries were gathered through Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) within the 2009-2017 timeframe. The results showed that the opportunity-oriented entrepreneurship, official institutions, and non-official institutions had a significant effect on the economic growth; the degree of effect varied according to how developed the countries were. Therefore, in order to attain the economic growth and development, the policymakers should place the quality of the institutional environment and the type of entrepreneurs’ motivation at the top of their agendas.

the issue of creating university campus entrepreneurship ecosystem (UCE2) is of ‎one the challenges faced by entrepreneurship development policy makers in ‎higher education. The main objective of this research is to model and configuration ‎the factors affecting the creation of the university campus entrepreneurship ‎ecosystem through the leveling and determining the extent of their interactions. In ‎this research, using a mixed- exploratory method, Accordingly, the research ‎method of this research is applied and from the perspective of information ‎gathering, descriptive and survey. This research has a qualitative section and a ‎quantitative part for identifying and leveling the effective factors in the formation ‎of UCE2 and a quantitative part for measuring the interactions of the factors. The ‎method of sampling in both quantitative and qualitative parts is purposive and ‎through a snowball method. In the qualitative section, semi-structured interviews ‎were initially used by 20 experts to identify the effective factors in UCE2, and in the ‎next step, Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM)‎ was used to determine the levels ‎of factors. In the quantitative analysis, the method of DEMATEL has been used. For ‎this purpose, the questionnaire of DEMATEL was provided to 12 experts. Using ‎DEMATEL modeling, the effect of factors was calculated. The results of the ‎research show that 9 important factors affecting the formation of UCE2 are ‎classified into three levels of regional factors, culture and university factors.‎

Business angels are the first major step in financing entrepreneurs. The angels' decision-making process is less formal than venture capitalists, and so far no research has been conducted in the country on this process. Computer games Business angels have been studied in this research using deep interviews. Their goals and beliefs are extracted and their expectations of entrepreneurship financing are modeled in a process with the help of the grounded theory. In this research, we have tried to consider the decision as a process, with an emphasis on the mentality of business angels. This process involves two parts of the recognition and assessment of opportunities. It ends with the partnership. Goals and beliefs are effective in evaluating opportunities, and the whole process is shaped in the context of the micro and macro business environment. By recognizing this process, business angels can take into account individual differences and personal expectations in decision-making, and feel no confusion in choosing investment opportunities.

A review of the literature shows that little research has been done identifying factors influencing social entrepreneurial intentions in Islamic contexts. Using a narrative method, in-depth semi-structured interview and purposive sampling method, this applied qualitative research is conducted to identify these factors among social entrepreneurs in Iran. The results show that individual factors (i.e., Islamic beliefs and assumptions including belief in the hereafter and heavenly reward, optimism to humans, hope for the future, social responsibility and social commitment, Infagh and helping others, mission-oriented, Barakah and peopling the land, psychological factors including compassion, conscience, and benevolence; human capital including prior entrepreneurial experience, prior social experience and education; perceived personality traits including extraversion, autonomy, need for achievement and internal locus of control; financial capital; and special events in childhood) and environmental factors (i.e., family values and behaviors, role models, social communities' activities, positive attitude of the society towards social entrepreneurship, perceived social problems, and legal factors including tax benefits and ease of startup) are factors influencing social entrepreneurial intentions.