فصلنامه توسعه کارآفرینی
سال دوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 6، زمستان 1388)

Academic entrepreneurship (AE) is considered as one of the new university missions after research and educational ones. The concept of AE is accompanied by commercializing knowledge and producing wealth. AE is a university response to the economic needs in the society. One of the most interesting topics to researchers is AE. On the basis of the three-aspect model of effective variables on AE (structural, content and contextual) a conceptual framework and model was designed, and hypotheses and questions were formulated to find appropriate theoretical responses to above problems.In this study, the survey research and descriptive-correlative methods were applied and the statistical population covered all Payam noor (PN) academic centers throughout the country established in 2005. Mail questionnaires were distributed among 260 university academic centers and then variables and criteria were analyzed by using confirmatory factor analysis, path analysis and correlative tests. Twenty-five hypotheses were tested. Except for one structural, two contextual and four background hypotheses, all research hypotheses were statistically confirmed. Along with the findings of the AE at PNU centers, all data collected were analyzed and tested by using LISREL and SPSS statistical software packages. A conceptual model of study was tested and finalized and refined on the basis of research findings. At the end of this study, findings were concluded and recommendations were presented to PNU with respect to staff and policymakers.

The purpose of the present study is to recognize the most important individual and environmental factors that influence the superior entrepreneurs, success in Tehran for presenting an educational model.Statistical population consisted of (80 persons) selected as superior entrepreneurs in the Second Superior Entrepreneurs, Festival in Tehran in 2006. The method was a simple random sampling, after calculating the content of sample for 66 persons. The required information was collected through the three questionnaires for individual factor, environmental factors and success factors. Data was analyzed by SPSS statistical software and statistical methods were descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (correlation matrix, simple regression and one-way analysis of variance).The present research demonstrates that:•There is a positive and significant relationship between locus of control, risk-taking propensity, creativity, need for achievement, need for independence, volition and success.•There is a positive and significant relationship between educational, economic, sociocultural conditions and success, whereas there is no significant relationship between political conditions and success.•In individual factors, the locus of control, risk-taking propensity, creativity, need for achievement, need for independence can predict success.•In environmental factors educational conditions can predict success.•In the locus of control, risk-taking propensity, creativity, need for achievement, there is a significant difference between theoretical mean and experimental mean.•In economic conditions, there is a significant difference between theoretical mean and experimental mean.

Entrepreneurship is the process of initiative and invention, creation of new business in perilous conditions through opportunity exploration and sources management which will result in productivity, wealth and employment. Innovation and initiative, self-confidence, internal locus of control, risk-taking, desire for independence and need for achievement are the most important entrepreneurial characters. Especially, McClelland (1961) has emphasized the need for achievement motivation. The current research explores the relationship between the need for achievement and entrepreneurship. For this purpose, 150 managing directors were randomly selected in industry in Tehran: Fifty people in each group. These groups filled the Bhahargava Achievement Motivation Test (1994). We analyzed the comparison of 3 group’s averages by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc test in terms of need for achievement and Chi Square was used for education levels as well as the type of father’s occupation. The results indicated that the need for achievement in entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs is significantly more than that in non-entrepreneurs. Therefore, the first hypothesis was confirmed. There is a difference between entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs in need for achievement levels, which was not significant, and therefore, the second hypothesis was not confirmed. According to the calculated chi-square, there are significant differences between entrepreneurs/intrapreneurs and non-entrepreneurs in education levels and the type of father’s occupation (businessman or government employees). In other words, the education levels of entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs are more than those of no-entrepreneurs and their fathers were mostly businessmen and not government employees; therefore, the third and fourth hypotheses were confirmed.

The Theory of Planned Behavior has been widely employed to predict entrepreneurial behavior among technical and vocational agricultural students. The purpose of this descriptive correlational study is to determine entrepreneurial intention among a random sample of technical and vocational agricultural students in Kermanshah Province. The second objective was to identify factors influencing entrepreneurial intention. Using structured questionnaire, 96 students were selected for the study. The results indicated that students had relatively high intentions to become entrepreneurs. Step-by-step regression analysis revealed that 37% of entrepreneurial intention could be explained by attitudes towards entrepreneurship: entrepreneurial beliefs, social norms and entrepreneurial self-efficacy.

Although the heavy traffic of metropolitan areas has created many problems, from another perspective, there is a big opportunity at the heart of this threat. This great opportunity is an entrepreneurial field in the form of urban physical distribution services. Still, this field of business has not been adequately recognized and known by society. It needs more supporting and complementary institutions and regulations to be reliable for the society. In this research, the issue of inner urban physical distribution services is analyzed by using dynamic modeling in the shape of systems dynamic analysis. First, the important aspects of the problem are specified. Afterwards, the dynamic assumptions are presented and the causal model is developed. In the next step, the behavioral credibility is verified by the current statistics and by using mathematical functions and simulating the models in “Venism”. As a result, certain policies are presented for development of inner urban physical distribution services and are evaluated by software simulation. Finally, the most effective policies which can affect development of inner urban physical distribution service are recommended.

According to some authors, based on market failure theory, “promoting entrepreneurship” can be a central focus of government intervention. Government intervention is exerted in terms of a package as “Policy”. In the national policy making process (including problem diagnosis, agenda setting, formulation, implementation, evaluation, change and termination), the formulation stage (finding policy alternatives) is very important, because it has affected other stages. The purpose of this paper is to develop a methodology for entrepreneurship policy. This methodology is based on a heuristic-analytic style and existing knowledge in combination with the author’s contribution to the formulation stage.

To obtain advantages of entrepreneurship in the Iranian governmental organizations, focusing on entrepreneurial structural success factors is essential. One of the critical factors in these entrepreneurial structural success factors is entrepreneurial information system (IS). Most of the Iranian governmental organizations are due to generate entrepreneurial IS and implement enterprise IT architecture project. The assessment of enterprise architecture project is necessary in terms of high cost and the need of monitoring entrepreneurial IS development in organizations. The current study has employed enterprise architectural maturity assessment framework for evaluating and measuring entrepreneurial IS progress. By applying this framework at the Deputy,s Office for Planning of the Ministry of Commerce, the current maturity state of this organization and its strengths and weaknesses are demonstrated. Then by using the result of this maturity assessment, the IT investment priorities for enhancing and improving entrepreneurial IS are revealed.