فصلنامه پژوهش های نوین روانشناختی
پیاپی 14 (تابستان 1388)

In this paper the development of working memory in 5-7 years-old children (preschool, first and second grades) was studied. For assessment of auditory circuit. The forward Digital Span, Corsi and Counting Span, and for assessment of central executive. TheBackward Digital span and Sun-moon tasks were used. 90 children (30 from each grade) with 100-115 IQ range were selected from elementary schools in Zanjan city. Data was analysed with ANOVA and Post hoc Tukey. Differences between preschool-first grade andpreschool-second grade in Forward and Backward Digital Span, Corsi and Counting Span tasks were significant as well. Difference between preschool-second grades in Sun-moon task was significant as well. Difference between first and second grades only in Forward Digital and Counting Span tasks was significant. This research results indicated development of all component of working memory in children. It is to notice that developmental speed of visuo-spatial sketchpad and central executive inhibiting role were slow and the more the groups were distinguished from each other, the more theybecome significant.

This study was carried out in order to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Student-life Stress Inventory (SSI; Gadzella, 1991) among the University of Tabriz students. The SSI is a 51 self-report questionnaire to assess general stress, stressors, and reactions to stressors. The SSI have five subscales for stressors (frustrations, conflicts, pressures, changes, self-imposed) and four subscales for reactions (physiological, emotional, behavioral and cognitive). For this purpose, 435 students (179 male, 256 female) were selected, Then by proportional stratified sampling, administered to the SSI and General Health Questionnaire-28 items (GHQ-28). Reliability coefficients (internal consistency) were found to be satisfactory for total SSI, stressors and reactions (0.91, 0.84, and 0.86 respectively). The range of reliability coefficients for 9 subscales were from 0.58 (for the self-imposed subscale) to 0.84 (for the cognitive appraisal subscale). The convergent validity of the SSI and it`s subscales were assessed by the correlations of these scales with the GHQ-28 and it`s subscales that every correlation coefficients, except cognitive appraisal subscale, were statistically significant and confirmed the research hypothesis (P<0.05). There were significant differences among self reported stress level groups (mild, moderate, and severe) on the total SSI, stressors and reactions to stressors they experienced (P<0.05). The constructive validity of SSI and it`s subscales were computed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The total SSI model and the two stressors and reactions to stressors models did have the very excellent fitness (with the GFI 0.92, 0.98, 1.00 respectively). There were not significant differences between the male and female students on total SSI and stressors they experienced, but the female students exhibited greater reactions to stressors than the male students (P<0.01). There were not significant differences among the students of different faculties. In sum, the SSI is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing total stress, stressors and reactions to stressors.

This research makes an attempt to study the relationship between religious orientation and marital adjustment. For this regard 120 couples (240 subjects) were selected from couples who referred to family courts or Tabriz consulting clinics, then respond to religious All port orientation and Dyadic Adjustment scales. Data were analyzed using stepwise regression analysis. Results indicated internal religious orientation as significantpredictors to marital adjustment. According to the present result, there is a beneficial and practical usage of this project's data in family intervention.

The present Research has been deducted from a Provincial Research Project which aims at determining the relationship of variables of intelligence beliefs, self-esteem, and development motivation with entrepreneurship among the students of Payame NoorUniversity in Western and Eastern Azerbaijan. 848 students (450 females and 398 males were selected through random-stratified sampling. In this descriptive research, they were administered to Intelligence Beliefs (Babaei 1377), Self-esteem (Cooper Smiths1967), Development Motivation Questionnaire of (Hermans 1970) and Entrepreneurship Questionnaires. Data were and analyzed using correlation coefficient and multiple regressions. The results show that correlation of achievement motive with Entrepreneurship (Robinson, etal, 1991) is meaningful at the level of 0.01.In addition, the correlations of self-esteem and Intelligence Beliefs with Entrepreneurship is meaningful at the level of 0.01. The result of analyzing Regression shows predicting Entrepreneurship is meaningful according to the variables of Intelligence Beliefs, Self-Esteem, and Achievement motive.

The purpose of this research was studying Neuroticism, Extroversion, impulsivity and sensation seeking among addicts and their relations with high-risk behaviors. For this regard, two groups of high risk and low risk addicts from Tabriz counseling centers were selected. The control group was matched with addicts in demographic factors. Eysencks’ personality inventory and Zuckerman's sensation seeking questionnaire were used. Theresults showed that there were significant differences between addicts and normal group in neuroticism, impulsivity and sensation seeking scales but there was no significance difference between two groups in extroversion scale. Also high-risk addicts in comparison to low risk addicts showed significant differences in neuroticism, impulsivity and sensation seeking scales.

This study examines the relationship between four dimensions of self-efficacy (emotional, social, academic, physical) and peer rejection among adolescents. 385 adolescents (208 girls & 177 boys, mean =16.5, SD=1.14 for age) participated in the presentstudy. Samples were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. Participants completed self-efficacy questionnairechildren, physical self-efficacy questionnaire and peer rejection questionnaire. Analysis was based on stepwise regression analysis. Findings suggested social self-efficacy and physical self-efficacy predicts peer rejection. But there was no significant relation between academic and emotional self-efficacy and peerrejection. Also emotional self-efficacy predicted peer rejection in the early adolescence. The implications for gender are briefly discussed.