International Journal of Behavioral Sciences
Volume:8 Issue: 1, 2014

The aim of the present study was study attentional bias in high and low level Intolerance of Uncertainty in Patients with Generalized anxiety disorder and Normal Individu-als. For this purpose, 32 client with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and 32 normal individuals were selected accessibility. The groups were matched in demographic characteris-tics with other. The subjects completed Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS) and modified stroop task. The gathered data is analyzed by SPSS-17 and descriptive statistic index T-test, and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA). The findings of this study show that significant differences in attentional bias between Generalized anxiety disorder and normal individuals and the attentional bias was higher in in-dividual with levels of intolerance of uncertainty. It seems intolerance of uncertainty is core belief generalized anxiety disorder, that precipitating is generalized anxiety disorder by cognitive attentional syndrome like attentional bias in uncertain situations.

Social Well-being as a mental health dimension is paid less heed in our society by researchers. The purpose of present study was to investigate psychometric properties of Short-form social well-being Questionnaire of Keyes. To achieve the aim of investigation, 391 and 384 students were selected respectively from Tabriz University and Islamic Azad University of Tabriz by multi-stage cluster sampling. First sample filled Keyes’s Short-Form of Social Well-being Questionnaire. The second filled Newfoundland Memorial Scale of Happiness, General Self-efficacy Questionnaire, interpersonal subscale of SCL-90 and DASS-42 in addition to Keyes’s Social Well-being Questionnaire. Explanatory factor analysis showed that four factor structure of the questionnaire could explain 59.70 percent of total variance. On the other side, confirmatory factor analysis indicated that five-factor model fitted data better than four-factor model. Besides, the findings suggested that social well-being dimensions were positively correlated with happiness and self-efficacy and negatively with difficulties in interpersonal relationship, depression, anxiety and stress. Chronbach’s alpha for factors varied from 0.34 to 0.63 and it was 0.81 for whole questionnaire. Findings corroborated five-factor structure of Short-Form Keyes social wellbeing questionnaire, even so there was not much difference between four and five factor structure, which implied construct validity of this instrument. Moreover, findings showed that concurrent validity and reliability of the questionnaire were acceptable, except for a few subscales.

This research was aimed to investigate the effect of Emotion-Regulation skills training on increase of life quality of female anxious school students in Ardabil city. This is a quasi- experimental research in pretest-posttest design accompanied by a control group. The statistical population comprised all female students of Ardabil city. To choose the subjects, firstly 5 schools were selected from Ardabil high schools by the way of multistage cluster sampling. Then, 50 girls were selected after clinical interview by random sampling and randomly divided into two groups (experimental and control). All subjects filled out whole items of Beck Anxiety Inventory and short form of life quality (SF-36) prior to and after the intervention. Gratz and Gunderson emotion regulation method was taught to anxious students in 13 session. Data was analyzed with MANOVA method. Results revealed that the training of emotion regulation skills improved the quality of life by reforming people's unreasonable belief and illogical behavior. Furthermore, it brought them recognition of their emotions and adjustment by means of increasing the positive emotions and decreasing negative ones. Training of emotion-regulation skills can improve the quality of life among female anxious school students.

Couples’ satisfaction with marital life is of critical importance for family. The current research aims to predict marital satisfaction in terms of spiritual and emotional intelligence. This is a correlational study and statistical universe included all married people who attended health centers of boroughs of 8 and18. Then, 117 subjects, married for more than 2 years were selected through accessibility sampling. The research tools were EQ inventory (Bar-on), SQ inventory (Naseri), and marital satisfaction inventory (ENRICH). To analyze the data, correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis were employed. Findings suggested that spiritual intelligence could predict marital satisfaction by 10.1% and emotional intelligence 21.4%. Furthermore, among the basic elements of spiritual intelligence, patience could predict changes of marital satisfaction up to 13.5%. General mood, that is a subscale of emotional intelligence, was able of predicting changes of marital satisfaction by 21.4%. Findings indicated that the higher emotional and spiritual intelligence of people, the greater marital satisfaction of couples. Considering the importance of marital satisfaction to the progress of relationship and stability of the family, it seems necessary to take advantage studies in this regard, to reinforce the unit of family.

Subjective well-being is the psychological component of quality of life, which has a pivotal role in achievement of success and increasing favourable behaviours; therefore it is of great importance to study that in different societies. Current Study aimed to investigate the structural relations between personality, self-efficiency and subjective well-being. This is a correlational study which was performed on 479 individuals of Guilan universities’ staff. They were selected by cluster sampling. The data collection tools were Iranian Big Five Inventory (GARDON), Self-Efficacy and subjective well-being questionnaires. Next, data analysis was done using structural equation modeling. Analysis showed that personality traits and self-efficacy predict 46% of subjective well-being variation. The total effect coefficients (summation of direct and indirect path coefficient) of the three factors of neuroticism/emotional stability, extraversion/happiness and conscience/humility was significant (p<0.01); and self-efficacy significantly mediates the relations between these three traits and subjective well-being. Considering the significant mediating role of self-efficacy in relation between personality traits and subjective well-being, we can increase the positive effect of extraversion trait, and decrease the negative effect of neuroticism on the well-being of individuals through training cognitive skills.

The purpose of current study was to investigate the effect of training behavior modification methods on depression relief and improvement of parenting style of mothers with ADHD children. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design accompanied by control group. To do so, 24 mothers of children with ADHD were selected using accessibility sampling and then divided into control and experimental groups. Both groups filled out parenting style scale, Beck’s depression scale, and Conners’ parent rating scale for ADHD. In the next step, the experimental group received behavior modification training for 9 sessions of ninety minutes while the mothers in control group went on with normal procedure. At the end of the instructional term, both groups filled out before-mentioned questioners as post-test. Covariance analysis was used for analysis of data. The results of covariance analysis showed that instruction of behavior modification methods decreased authoritarian and neglectful parenting scores (P<0/05) and increased authoritative parenting scores. It also reduced depression symptoms (P<0/05) among mothers in experimental group, in comparison with the control group. Findings of research showed that behavioral training of mothers improves their parenting style and prevents rising confusion in parent-child relationships and also emotional problems in mothers of children with ADHD.

This study aimed to compare patients with Coronary Thrombosis to healthy people in respect of early maladaptive schemas and cognitive emotion-regulation strategies. Subjects of the study comprised 30 healthy people plus 30 patients with Coronary Thrombosis who were selected from individuals attending Shahid Beheshti Hospital and Nu-clear Medicine Centre in Qom via accessibility sampling. Then, Both groups completed ques-tionnaires of Young’s maladaptive schemas, cognitive emotion regulation and Goldberg’s public health. To analyze the data, methods of ANOVA and MANOVA were used. Component scores of patients in the early maladaptive schemas (emotional depriva-tion, abandonment / instability, mistrust / abuse, vulnerability to disease, Enmesh-ment/Undeveloped Self, Self - sacrifice, emotional inhibition, Unrelenting Standards / Recog-nition-seeking, Insufficient Self – control / Self - discipline) and cognitive emotion regulation strategies (self- blame, acceptance, refocus on planning, positive reappraisal, underestimate) were significantly higher than healthy subjects. Considering the results of present study, Schema Therapy and training in emo-tion-regulation strategies can improve psychological health of patients suffering from coro-nary thrombosis via refinement of cognitive emotion-regulation strategies and emotional pat-terns.

Students with learning disability have difficulties in reading, writing or computing that confront them with poor social skills and deficient interpersonal relations. Such difficulties also lower the students’ physical and psychological wellbeing and challenge them with emotion-regulation deficiency plus personal maladjustment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of training social-cognitive problem solving on the quality of interpersonal relationships and empathy of the students with learning disabilities. This is an empirical study in pre-test and post-test design which was accompanied by a control group. The population consisted of all students with learning disabilities from Gonabad who were 12 to 16 years old in the academic year of 2012. The subjects were 40 male students selected from students with learning disabilities. Next, they were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Interpersonal relationships and empathy scale for data collection were used. Findings of Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) showed that training of social-cognitive problem solving skills proved useful for improvement of social relations and personal empathy in students with learning disabilities (P<0/001). Because students with learning disabilities feel less empathy than normal students and experience depression and loneliness in addition to academic problems, training interventions can improve interpersonal relationships of theirs.

Spiritual intelligence is a factor that influences individual, social and in consequence organizational behavior. The purpose of this study was to evaluate factors associated with the spiritual intelligence among military personnel. This is a descriptive–correlational study in which spiritual indices were measured and then were described. The study population consisted of the staff of a military unit, 10,687 people who were selected by the way of stratified sampling. A questionnaire was designed to measure spiritual intelligence. Next, the data were analyzed using SPSS15 software. Findings showed that the relationship to God, forethought, and monism (unity) were at a high level. Besides, components of communication with others, trust in God, self-evaluation, self-knowledge, spiritual experiences and forgiveness of others’ faults were acceptable. Last of all, patience among the staff was normal. It is worth saying that none of the dimensions of spiritual intelligence were moderately low, poor or so poor. The results also showed that the level of spiritual intelligence was higher among the staff aged 40 or those with more than 20 years’ work experience. Even so, the relationship between education and spiritual intelligence of the personnel was different. According to the results, it can be said that attention to the employees who are younger and less experienced is necessary for the growth of spiritual intelligence especially as for the indices of forgiveness, spiritual experience, patience and self-knowlege.ds:

In autoimmune diseases, immune system acts against parts normally present in the body. Besides, according to Teleological Coherence Theory, psychological and physical systems work in a parallel fashion. Thus, present study aims to investigate such parallel func-tioning among autoimmune patients, non-autoimmune patients and healthy individuals. Actu-ally, it can be predicted that self-criticism and feelings of shame and guilt (as reflection of psychological inter-systemic inconsistency) are more common in autoimmune patients than other groups. Self-knowledge of autoimmune patients is less than other groups either. This is a casual-comparative study in which 130 autoimmune patients, 111 non-autoimmune patients and 151 university students who were selected by means of accessibility sampling. To gather the data Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale, Personal Feeling Question-naire (PFQ) and Levels of Self-Criticism Scale (LSCS) were employed. Next, for evaluation of structural equation model chi-squared test, Goodness of Fit Index, Non-Normed Fit Index, Comparative Fit Index, Incremental Fit Index and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation were used respectively. Findings indicated that models fitted in with healthy group, autoimmune group and non-autoimmune group. Moreover testing of assumptions related to factorial structure coeffi-cient and error variance showed that there was significant difference between three groups. Results could be explained in Teleological Coherence Theory; in other words, immune self-destruction and psychological self-destruction occurred simultaneously, as a re-sult of parallel goals.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy [ACT] can enhance psychological flexibility and subsequently improve mental health and quality of life of individuals. The present research aimed to investigate the efficacy of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on the quality of life of women with chronic low back pain in Isfahan. It was a semi-experimental research in pre-test and post-test design together with control group. Participants were 40 women with chronic low back pain attending clinical centers and hospitals of Isfahan who were selected by convenience sampling. Next, they were randomly assigned into control and experimental group. All participants completed the RAND-36 Health Status Inventory in pre-test and post-test stages. Then experimental group received ACT for 8 one-hour sessions. To analyze the data, covariance analysis was used. Results indicated that there was significant increase in quality of life and subscales of mental and physical health thereof, in experimental group (P < 0/001). According to the results, ACT can positively affect quality of life of patients with chronic low back pain and it offers new horizons in clinical interventions.

The purpose of this study was to compare differentiation and integration of self in individuals with borderline personality disorder, bipolar disorder and normal samples. This is a causal-comparative study. The samples included 30 subjects with BPD, 27 subjects with BD and 30 individuals from general population of Tehran who were selected (all three groups) by the way of accessibility sampling. The instruments of study were differentiation of self inventory (45 items) and integrative self- knowledge inventory (12 items). Then, data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Findings indicated significant difference in self-integration of the groups of BPD, BD and normal. The score of BPD group was lower than BD. With regard to self-differentiation, there was no significant difference between BPD and BD samples, but groups of BD and normal significantly differed from each other in the subscales of emotional cutoff and fusion with others related to self-differentiation. To conclude, we can say that people with BPD experience more difficulty in differentiation and integration of self than BD individuals. In addition, BPD and BD are of different type than the same.