International Journal of Behavioral Sciences
Volume:9 Issue: 3, Autumn 2015

The 2×2 model is the newest model of perfectionism that has been raised several hypotheses about the compatibility’s level of different types of perfectionism. The main aim of this study is to test these hypotheses.
A hundred and ninety eight MA students were selected through a cluster random sampling and were divided into four groups based on perfectionism’s types with Hill perfectionism as a screening test. Afterwards, these four groups were compared using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) in terms of the components of general health and two personality characteristics (Neuroticism and Conscientiousness) to test the 2×2 model hypotheses.
Hypothesis1c and hypothesis 4 of the 2×2 model of perfectionism were accepted. This is was while the hypothesis 2 and hypothesis 3 were not accepted because the results of the research showed the mixed perfectionism is more maladaptive compared to the other combinations of ECP and PSP.
It seems that the perfectionism tests -especially the Hill perfectionism inventory- are not able to measure the absolute adaptive perfectionism. Therefore, the main suggestion of the research is that future researchers may try to understand the characteristics of adaptive perfectionism and design the test that can measure the quite adaptive perfectionism.

Spiritual identity, defined as self-identification based on spirituality and spiritual experiences, has gained increasing attention during the past few years. The aim of this study was to assess several predictors and outcomes of spiritual identity based on a causal model.
For this purpose, parent and peer attachment were considered as exogenous variables, spiritual identity was considered as a mediating variable, and psychological distance was considered as an endogenous variable. The statistical population of this study consisted of all bachelor students of the Shiraz University, Shiraz, southern Iran, during the 2012-2013 academic year. Thus, 398 students consisting of 255 women and 143 men were selected using the stratified cluster sampling method. The data collection tools consisted of the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment, the Social Dominance Orientation questionnaire, the Circle of Moral Regard questionnaire and the Spiritual Identity questionnaire. The reliability and validity of the instruments were measured using Cronbach’s alpha and factor analysis, respectively.
Results of factor analysis showed the two main factors of metaphysical and moral beliefs for spiritual identity questionnaire. Overall, results yield a desirable reliability and validity for scales. For analyzing the research model, Amos software was used. We found that moral beliefs had a mediating role with respect to the relationship between peer attachment and psychological distance, while parent attachment was not a direct or indirect predictor of psychological distance.
Conclusively, close relationships and attachment to peers reduces psychological distance through the mediating role of moral beliefs.

Introducation: Emotion regulation and Thought-Action Fusion (TAF) are among the most important components which cause psychological disorders. The present study aimed to predict somatoform disorder regarding the emotion regulation and TAF in female students of the Savadkuh County.
In this descriptive correlation study, 110 middle school female students in the city of Savadkuh in the academic year of 2012-2013 were selected through multistage cluster sampling method. The participants completed Auchenabach’s Youth Behavioral Disorder Questionnaire, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and Thought-action fusion Questionnaire for youth. The data were analyzed using SPSS-21 and Pearson’s correlation coefficient test and Regression Analysis based on enter method.
Mean value for age was decided to be at 13.98±0.70. The results showed that there is a significant and negative relation between reappraisal as an adaptive emotion regulation strategy and somatoform symptoms. Reappraisal has a significantly negative effect on somatoform symptoms. The relation between likelihood TAF and moral TAF with somatoform was significant and positive (P Research findings lead to the conclusion that reappraisal and TAF likelihood play crucial role in prediction of somatoform disorder in female students.

The present study aims at determining the efficacy of family based cognitive-behavioral therapy on children's anxiety.
In a quasi-experimental study, 120 girls’ with the ages of 10-11 with scores above 24 on the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale were enrolled. The mothers completed the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale-Parent Version. Mothers and children were randomly assigned to both control and case groups. The case group attended 8 sessions of family based cognitive-behavioral therapy (Cool Kids).
The findings showed a significant difference between case and control groups in anxiety, with reduction in the case group. Case group mothers also, reported a significant reduction in their children’s anxiety.
Based on these findings, we can apply family based cognitive-behavioral therapy as an effective means of reducing children's anxiety.

Mental sets are clues which are already coded and stored in memory, and retrieved when needed. The present study investigated the role of mental sets in solving anagram problems.
The design of this study is an experimental with repeated measurement design. The participants were 20 MA students and graduates chosen through voluntary sampling. Each of them were required to undertake four different varieties of measurement by anagram cards; names (people/country), sets (with/without) as the experimental instrument. Research data were analyzed through repeated measurements ANOVA test.
There was significant discrepancy between names of people and names of countries with and without set (p The presence of mental sets and clues facilitates the solving of anagrams. This readiness and clues should be presented in the coding stage in order for them to be remembered in the retrieval stage.

Mental health is an important matter in human life and very effective in personal and social life. The aim of this research is studying the effective factors on mental health in employees working environment.
This research is a descriptive-cross sectional study and the sample includes 749 individuals of official staff selected via two-step cluster sampling. The samples were selected, conditioned to at least 1 year medical health history and lack of any apparent physical or mental health. The following questionnaires were used for evaluation: General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), Health and Safety Executive (HSE), Physical Activity Questionnaire (AFPAQ), Beck Depression Questionnaire, Framingham Personality Questionnaire and Demographic information scale. Descriptive statistical methods and inferential ones, also SPSS was used for data analysis.
The results show that there is a negative meaningful relation between job stress and mental health. Also there is a meaningful relation between sub-scales of physical symptoms, sleep disorder, anxiety, social dysfunction and sever anxiety with job stress. There is a meaningful statistical correlation between mental health and sub-scales of demand, control, ‘authorities and staff support, relation and role. Results show that there is a meaningful relation between physical activities during job and relaxation and tiredness with mental health. Mental health scales, (sleep, anxiety, social dysfunction and sever anxiety) have a meaningful statistical relation with physical activity during job, the same were between physical symptoms sub-scales, i.e. sleep disorder, anxiety, social dysfunction, sever anxiety and physical activity. Based on the results, depression has a positive meaningful relation with each of the mental health sub-scales; physical symptoms, sleep disorder, anxiety, social dysfunction, sever anxiety. Also, general mental health had a positive and meaningful relation with depression. Type of personality had a meaningful statistical and indirect correlative relation with general mental health. Also correlation of the type of personality and each of physical symptoms sub-scales, sleep disorder, anxiety, social dysfunction, sever anxiety was.
The results show the importance of staff mental health in job environments in order to improve organizations efficiency. Psychological evaluation while hiring staff and during cooperation protects individuals and organizations from wasting resources.

Although many researches showed that there are several psychiatric comorbidities in people suffering from migraine headache, few studies investigated the relationship between deep psychopathological structures and headache variables. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and three dimensions of headache impact, pain intensity, disability and affective distress among Iranian outpatient females suffering from chronic migraine without aura.
136 consecutive outpatients suffering from a chronic migraine without aura were recruited from 553 consecutive outpatients complaining of a persistent headache and/or referred to a specialized headache clinic in Baqiyatallah Hospital. All participants completed two questionnaires regarding Schema Questionnaire–Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire–Short Form, Migraine Disability Assessment Scale, and the the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait subscale. Finally, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients and multiple regression analyses were calculated to investigate relationships between the research variables.
The data analyses indicated that a significant amount of the variance of pain intensity was explained by self-sacrifice, emotional inhibition, and unrelenting standards/hypercriticalness. Also, self-sacrifice and unrelenting standards/hypercriticalness explained a significant amount of the variance of disability. Further, a significant amount of variance of affective distress explained by emotional inhibition and unrelenting standards/hypercriticalness.
The findings emphasize on the predictive role of this early maladaptive schemas, especially early maladaptive schemas of the domain of overvigilance/inhibition. Also, this study implicitly suggests that schema therapy can be an appropriate remedy for reducing headache impact dimensions, at least, in Iranian female outpatients suffering from migraine without aura.

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the dimensions of perfectionism and abnormal personality dimensions introduced in the fifth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, and to address this issue that to what extent each personality dimension can predict the dimensions of to perfectionism.
The present study is descriptive and correlational. The study took place on a sample of 270 individuals from the population of university students in Ramsar city. In the way that the participants were evaluated through two Tehran Multidimensional Perfectionism and PID-5 questionnaire. In this study, multiple regression was used to analyze data.
The results showed that in addition to the correlation among all abnormal personality Dimensions with the dimensions of perfectionism, negative effect can be a good predictor for self-oriented perfectionism and other oriented perfectionism; and also disinhibition was found as the best predictor for socially-prescribed perfectionism.
Considering the importance of perfectionism and its role in many defects and psychiatric, physical, and social disorders; it is imperative that experts in research, prevention, and treatment take more efficient steps in leading this personality Dimensions towardbeing more adaptive and normal.