International Journal of Behavioral Sciences
Volume:10 Issue: 1, Winter 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of patience and its components (Transcendence, Tolerance, Contentment, Persistence, and Hesitation) in predicting bullying among primary school children in Shiraz, Iran. Another purpose was to compare patience and bullying between male and female students.
The participants were 317 elementary school students (169 females and 148 males) selected through cluster random sampling. The sample group completed the Child/Adolescence Patience Scale and Revised Olweus Bullying/Victim Questionnaire.
The results showed that the total score of patience and its components including Contentment, Persistence, and Hesitation had a significant negative correlation with bullying (P Based on the findings of this study, it is suggested that counselors or psychologists dealing with students try to treat and prevent the phenomenon of bullying among students by using educational strategies of patience.

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of training behavior modification methods on mothers of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) on reducing behavior problems and ADHD symptoms in their children’s.
The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design and control group. To do so, 24 mothers of children with ADHD were selected and divided into experimental and control groups (12 mothers in each group). Participants filled the Revised Conners’ Parent Rating scale (CPRS-R) and Children’s Behavioral Performance at Home questionnaires. In the next step, the experimental group was instructed behavior modification methods in 9 ninety-minute sessions while the mothers in the control group went on their normal procedures. At the end of the instructional session, both groups filled out the mentioned questioners as the post-test. Covariance analysis and t test was used for analyzing data.
The results of the analysis of the independent t test showed that instructing behavior modification methods improved children’s behavioral problems. At the same time, the analysis of covariance showed the training had decreased hyperactivity symptoms and ADHD index among the children of the experimental group, as compared to those of the control group. However, the training was shown to have no effect on attention deficit.
In conclusion, the findings of this study suggests that behavior modification training to mothers can help them decline their children’s behavioral problems.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of metacognitive beliefs in depression by the mediating role of rumination.
The present study was conducted with a correlational method. Therefore, 275 students of the University of Tabriz were selected using a stratified sampling method. Beck’s depression inventory, Wells’ metacognitive questionnaire and Treynor’s rumination questionnaire were used for data collection. Data were analyzed by path analysis using the LISREL Software.
The results of the present study indicated that there was a positive relationship between positive and negative beliefs of worry and rumination schemas. Besides, there was a positive relationship between these beliefs and depression. Regarding to the fitness Indexes, the mediating role of rumination in the relation between positive and negative metacognitive beliefs and depression was confirmed.
Based on the findings of the present study, it can be proposed that depression could be influenced by dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs (positive and negative beliefs about worry) through different paths. Such effects are intensified by dysfunctional schemas such as rumination. Hence, positive metacognitive beliefs are considered as a trigger for the application of rumination as an incompatible coping style for depression.

Conflict is inevitable in intimate relationships. It usually appears in the form of disagreements, dislikes, arguments or tensions. It can cause relationship problems if managed poorly. The aim of this descriptive- correlation study was to investigate the effects of marital coping strategies, personality and self-control on the marital conflict in a propositional structured model.
The research population consisted of all parents of elementary school children of Kurdistan in 2014. The two-stage cluster sampling was used. The research instruments were the Marital Conflict Questionnaire (MCQ), NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI, short form), Self- control questionnaire and Marital Coping Inventory (MCI). The required data was collected through research instruments. Correlation analysis, multiple regression and structural equation model was done using AMOS22.
The results showed that self- control, personality factors and marital coping strategies have effects on marital conflict and can predict it. Marital coping strategies have the strongest effect on marital conflict among these variables. Conceptual model showed that personality factors had strong effects on marital coping strategies and self- control.
Besides specifying the relationship among research variables, the results indicated that personality factor can affect marital conflict through self – control and marital coping strategies. Considering that personality traits are resistant to change and modification, it seems that family therapists can moderate the effects of personality and reduce marital conflict by intervening on self – control and marital coping strategies.

Today the psychological factor is one of the controversial subjects in tendency to cosmetic surgery. This study has aimed to compare the hardiness, defense mechanisms and negative self-image among cosmetic surgery applicants with non-applicants.
This causal-comparative study was carried out in Tehran, Iran from April to June 2015. The samples of this study included 60 applicants and non- applicants of cosmetic surgery which were referred to private clinics for cosmetic surgery in regions one and two in Tehran and were selected by convenience sampling. The study tools included defense mechanisms questionnaires and psychological hardiness questionnaires, negative self-portrayal scale questionnaire and a demographic questionnaire. Data was analyzed by analysis of variance and multivariate tests.
The results of the multivariate analysis of the variance test indicated a significant difference between the applicant and the non-applicant of cosmetic surgery in hardiness aspects (control and commitment), defensive styles (matured, immature and neurotic), and negative self-portrayal scale (anxiety signs and physical appearance).
Due to the differences between the hardiness, defense mechanisms and negative self-portrayal among applicants and non-applicants of cosmetic surgery, it is important to pay much attention to psychological structures before doing cosmetic surgery.

Psychodrama, as a form of art therapy, helps people to enact and use role-plays for a specific problem, rather than just talking about it, in an effort to review the problem, gain feedback from group members, find appropriate solutions, and practice them for their life. The current paper aims to investigate the effectiveness of psychodrama therapy on the reduction of depression for multiple sclerosis (MS) patients.
This research was a quasi-experimental study, using pre-post and follow-up testing plan with a control group. By using a convenience sampling technique, a total of 20 individuals were selected among clients with MS referring to the Iranian Multiple Sclerosis Society. The subjects were randomly placed into two control and experimental groups. The experimental group participated in a twelve-session therapy plan for 6 weeks, while the control group received no intervention. In order to collect data, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the demographical information questionnaire were used. Data analysis was performed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).
The results revealed a decrease in the post test and follow-up test scores for depression, and such decrease is statistically significant.
The findings indicate the effectiveness of the psychodrama intervention to decrease depression among patients with MS. Due to increased group and social interactions and enhanced interpersonal experiences, psychodrama can relieve depression symptoms. Hence, participating in the psychodrama therapy will enable patients to decrease the levels of depression.

The construct of work ability has the potential to guide research and practice on how best to support employees throughout the lifespan. Work ability has only recently gained attention in the Industrial/Organizational Psychology literature, though studied extensively in the occupational health literature. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of leadership effectiveness and perceived organizational support with work ability, considering the mediating role of job satisfaction.
Data were gathered from a sample of 330 employees of an industrial organization in Ahvaz, Iran, who were selected by stratified random sampling method. Among this sample, 72 percent were men and the average age was 41 years. The fitness of the proposed model was examined through structural equation modeling (SEM), using SPSS-19 and AMOS-18 software packages. The indirect effects were tested using the bootstrap procedure in Preacher and Hayes (2008) SPSS Macro program for mediation.
Findings indicated that the proposed model fit the data properly. Results also revealed that leadership effectiveness and perceived organizational support significantly correlated with work ability. In addition, job satisfaction mediated these relationships.
In an attempt to improve work ability of workers, there is a strong need to make employees feel supported by the organization and supervisors. This may be achieved by educating supervisors and employees regarding the beneficial and associated consequences of good work ability.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the executive functions (EFs) as the mediators between coping with stress styles and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Two styles of coping with stress (problem focused coping (PFC) and emotion focused coping (EFC)) and eight executive functions (inhibition, flexibility, focusing, working memory, decision making, reasoning, problem solving, and meta-cognition) were examined during this study.
This research was administrated in 250 GAD clinical patients that were selected as available samples. SCID interview and DASS-21 applied to diagnose the moderate level of GAD as well as to quantify the data. The N-Back, Strop, Tower of London and the other tests were the software tests which measured the executive functions.
Results showed that the model of coping with stress styles with eight EF mediators to GAD contains the goodness of fit. Both inhibition and flexibility were the mediators that affected GAD. The meta-cognition was an EF that was affected from both the inhibition and working memory.
Findings generally showed that PFC is not applied by GAD patients and do not affect GAD except by meta-cognition. This is while EFC affects it by inhibition, flexibility, working memory and decision making.