فصلنامه مدیریت نظامی
پیاپی 33 (بهار 1388)

Military power and authority are strategic notions among the many other fundamental issues in international relations and international security and believed as a great accountability. As far as the Iranian military sector is concerned, the very existence of efficient, deterring and security founding military forces is taken as an evidence of national military authority. Such an authority and the insuring measures as well as commands originate from the jurisdiction and thereby subject to entrust of authority by the jurisdiction, they emanate from the senior hierarchy of commanding. Military forces are, thereby, bestowed to establish security for Islamic system of administration. Then, aimed at explaining the substance, justification and process of strengthening the military authority, this study attempts to answer the questions: "what brings about a dominant military power and authority? What are the native foundations, principles and measures of the military authority and what are the distinctive features of military power and authority? Findings of this study sustain that development and strengthening the military power and authority is positively correlated with the culture of sacrifice and martyrdom, science and technology and volunteer's military education as devoted followers of the jurisdiction. Realization of the military power and authority rests upon qualifications and capabilities of army forces elaboration of qualities scarifies transparency, public awareness and doing symbolic tasks.

Military sector is not rich enough in terms of knowledge management Information. In line with this trend this study is an attempt to investigate the state of knowledge management in the military universities of the I. R. of Iran (AJA Universities) so that a comprehensive approach to knowledge management can be suggested while introducing its human and technical dimension. To this end a questionnaire was administered among 72 respondents. The findings revealed that though AJA Universities apply no particular knowledge management strategy, they still enjoy its parameters in their procedures, guidelines and information banks. Moreover, the pertinent academic members Classify the effective parameters into four major topics: organizational infrastructure, information system infrastructure, participatory culture and employing the models of best experiences and human resource development.

The last two decades have brought about great developments in the structure of organizations and in innovative organizational Structure called virtual organization, has emerged. In a virtual organization small and self-sufficient units integrate thanks to communication and information systems. Such integration leads to creation of huge network of organizations capable of break through. In virtual organizations, traditional boundaries are eliminated various cultures are annexed businesses are revolutionized or are redesigned. All these developments are rooted in information and communication technology. (ICT) As an applied, descriptive and small-scale endeavor, this study was conducted using questionnaire for the data collection and factor analysis of PCA for the data analysis. The findings revolve areas: "infrastructure", "human resources", " culture and society", "management" and "other parameters" as main obstacles to the creation and development of virtual organizations. Respectively on infrastructure effects 9 (Σ= 24 indices), on human resources effects 8 (Σ= 25 indices), on culture and society effects 7 (Σ= 16 indices) and on others effect 6 (Σ= 17 indices) were explored.

In an ever-changing and dynamic world those organizations are successful which are continuously generating science and employ it as to their objective. Science and power are interwoven and power sources and power generation requires knowledge. Given the status quo this study is an attempt to investigate the issue from the commanders and academic staff perspectives so that challenges strengths and weaknesses can be identified and appropriate suggestions as to knowledge generation in Imam Ali University can be offered. The study is an applied one in terms of objective for which multiple instruments including questionnaire and interview as well as library and website resources were utilized. The findings sustain a promising state of knowledge generation in the university. Personal tendency of the participants to take the advantages of learning opportunities and a consistency in offering educational services to the academic staff were evaluated highest and lowest respectively. The findings can have implications for upgrading and enhancement of- knowledge generation.

Knowledge is generally classified into two types; explicit and implicit. The former refers to the information recorded in books, articles, information banks and alike, but the latter refers to the information recorded nowhere rather it exists in the mind of people and primarily originates from their personal experiences. The army of the I.R of Iran enjoys the talented competent and educated conscript personnel who build up main part of the army organization and thereby exploration and application of explicit knowledge are facilitated. To this end, this study attempts to investigate mechanisms of making explicit their implicit knowledge. So that best customization, given the structure of army, can be employed. Meanwhile, possible intervening variables are also studied and certain practical suggestions as to transfer of implicit knowledge are forwarded.

Rational management of knowledge is so determining for contemporary organizations that they are evaluated and judged based on the measurement results of it. In fact, in an era of ever-changing and environmentally uncertain conditions successful organizations are those which continuously generate and organize knowledge, spread it throughout the system and utilize it in their technologies, products and services. As a case study investigating cycle of knowledge management in Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), attempts here are also made to offer an appropriate evaluation model for this cycle. To answer the five research questions Jashpara's four cycle model was employed. The findings show that knowledge organization cycle and knowledge exchange cycle scored the highest and lowest, respectively. The results can have implications as to strengthening cycle and improving correlation of the cycles at university level.

Our contemporary history is characterized by fundamental developments to the extent that the period just following the word war two witnessed five distinct eras: atom, computer, biological engineering and micro-electronic revolution. Each of the eras has entailed great achievement not less important than those of the Bronze, Renaissance or the Industrial Revolution. It is worth considering that suchdevelopment lengthened for centuries, while the five mentioned eras took place in just less than a century and the developments are so speedy that man fails to catch up with them and they have had great consequences for structural layers of all concepts including that of national security. Technological developments infiltrate in variety of ways of which developments in weapons are the most obvious ones. Given the prime signification of weapons and huge investments made in the pertinent industries, the respective developments were so quick and substantial that states used to spend billions of dollars in weaponry industries during the Cold War. The trend was so quick that prior to production of any new weapon through the production line, competing state would make measures for mass production of countering weapon. The process was identified War of thoughts; thereby any hightech weapon has necessitated emerging requirements for state's national security, multiplied expenses of war and made any tendencies to it irrational. A review of the origin of the Industrial Revolution leads us to some worthy of affection paints. In fact, the Industrial Revolution traces back to a time man has taken the advantages of his thoughts and capabilities. Meanwhile, it should not be overlooked that the revolution geographically occurred in certain countries indicating role of geographical boundaries. Characteristics of industrial countries reveal that such a revolution or the industrial development can take place under some distinctive conditions of which an efficient scientific and technical administrative system is an important one; and claim sustained by taking a look on those countries where the Industry Revolution happened or those countries which are examples of such developments.