نشریه قلم
پیاپی 26 (پاییز و زمستان 1396)

Published in 2009 at Ghoghnous, in Tehran, Abbas Maroufi's The Body of Farhad appears as a sort of retrospective monologue, a strange, apparently autobiographical confession that tells the night and day dreams as well as the dreams caused by alcohol and by drugs, reported by an anonymous narrator, a patient, a victim of wine and opium. This distracting and dreamlike story is nourished by a fantastical or rather psychoanalytical material, which this article proposes to study by resorting to the psychoanalytical approach of Freud and Jung. The character, in his attempts to descend into the self, into his inner self, is projected, unconsciously and through dreams and memories, into an obscure and indeterminate place, in his own unconscious. While analyzing this novel, we have noticed that both Freudian and Jungian psychoanalytic key concepts such as the notion of "repetition compulsion", "the problem of duplication" and finally "process of individuation" arise under the guise of visible and fiction. For this purpose, by inviting us to consider Maroufi's work from a psychoanalytical point of view, we try to identify and make the invisible, those hidden forces of man, visible .

Grammaire du sens et de l’expression of Patrick Charaudeau (G.S.E) is a grammar that gives primacy to meaning, in relation to form. It follows, therefore, an onomasiological approach in the methodological application of the meaning / form dichotomy.
Beyond this purely linguistic position, the conception of such a work undoubtedly emanates from a generalizing awareness of language, in the broad sense of the term. Considering language as a whole comprising meaning, expression and communication, the author of the G.S.E has developed, for almost twenty years, through his publications, a model of socio-communicative analysis.
In this article, first of all we summarize the main lines of the socio-communicative vision of the linguist-grammarian based on Charaudeau’s publications since the last twenty years of theoretical conception work, and then we try to examine this model of analysis in the overall structure of his G.S.E theory.

Since French is spoken on all five continents, it does not always have the same face and the same features in the entire French-speaking world. North America is one of the linguistic areas of the Francophonie, with particular interests for linguists who seek to study regionalisms and lexical features highlighting cultural and linguistic diversity within the Francophonie. The study of the affinities and divergences of the lexical characteristics of spoken French in Quebec, Acadia and Louisiana is of interest in this article in order to examine the plurality of the French-speaking North American space. Many examples that we categorize at lexical and semantic level support our discussion and present the lexical richness as well as the diversity of North American French"s".

Auteur déjà de trois romans remarqués, parus en 2012, 2014 et 2016, Solange Bied-Charreton (née en 1982) peut être qualifiée, sans la réduire à ce mérite, de « romancière de la vie contemporaine ». L’article, qui analyse ses trois romans dans l’ordre de leur parution, cherche à en dégager quelques éclairages sur les interrogations de nos contemporains et sur les évolutions de la société française. Il cherche aussi à montrer comment le roman peut mettre en lumière, selon les moyens qui lui sont propres, ce que les hommes plongés dans une certaine société y vivent intimement. L’œuvre de cette jeune romancière encore peu connue hors de France est un bon exemple de « la littérature en train de se faire ». Elle peut aussi nourrir la recherche littéraire sur le réalisme social dans le roman. Le réalisme du roman n’est pas celui des sciences humaines, ni le « réel » du journalisme : la littérature, parce qu’elle regarde « de l’intérieur » les humains, de sorte qu’aucun de ses personnages ne peut se réduire à « un type social », nous donne sur la vie intérieure de l’homme contemporain des aperçus qu’elle est peut-être seule à pouvoir donner.

The present paper proposes to study the origin and the structure of Dehkhoda's famous poem, "Remember the dead candle! Remember..." In order to analyse this poem, which according to the poet himself can be compared with the best Western poems, we seek the quality that makes the comparison of it with the best poems of European languages worthy. Thus, we have analyzed the criteria of comparison the poems from different languages, so, we have specified the Aruz (metrical elements and rhythms) from Persian and Metric from French language were selected to survey. At last, we compare the Dehkhoda's poem with an eponymous poem by Alfred de Musset "Remember". We examine the effect of the literary reception, which we think has been influenced by Iranian belief, and the appeared poem has both Persian and French poetic arts. That results in a poetic creation that transcends the hermeneutic boundaries of literary traditions without interrupting literary conventions.

Henri Cazalis, the French author of 19th century, was fascinated by oriental literature and philosophy to the extent that it brought him to know some Iranian poets like Khayyam whom was mostly interested in. He tried, therefore, to imitate the form of "Robaei" and it was the only existing example of quatrain as an independent poetic genre in French literature. What would be the problems of considering Robaei as an equivalent for quatrain in comparative studies?
Cazalis who was not well versed in any oriental language had a chance to read the translations available at the time, that of J.-B. Nicolas and E. FitzGerald. By ignoring the wrong translations and interpretations of J.-B. Nicolas, Caazalis understood the true essence of Khayyam thoughts and discovered the great similitude between the Iranian poet thoughts and his own. This article suggests that, Cazalis succeeded to apprehend Iranian poet thoughts due to resemblance of Khayyam’s pessimism to his own system of thoughts. Could we, then, conclude the influence of Khayyam poems on Cazalis’ work? In present paper, through philological study of these two poet-philosophers, we tried to demonstrate that this kind of influence, which is one of the branches of comparative studies, in an intellectual level, is not actually possible without common grounds of reception.

In this article while, we carefully looking at the linguistic concept of the “textual islands” words or sentences within the quotation marks, also we are thinking about the heterogeneous speech of narrator of the story beyond the novel of A life in Maupassant . It is clear that in the second half of the nineteenth century in France after Gustave Flaubert, the evolutionist writer and creator of Madame Bovary's story, novel and novel writing strongly influenced by linguistic issues such as presence of another voice in author's words, and it must be acknowledged that Maupassant in creation of a life strongly followed by modernity of Gustave Flaubert in the field of narrative techniques. In this literary work, the quoted narrative words with quotation marks in different syntactic forms such as direct speech and indirect speech with very high frequency attracts the reader's attention. It is worth noting that the narrator of the story creates new characters in the story with the help of textual islands, which are narrator's transmitters for his emotion and concern in any possible way, as a result that clarity of the author's words gets complicated with serious ambiguity and consequently the discourse analysis becomes more difficult and it requires more attention.

The Wretched of the Earth by Frantz Fanon, an essayist from Martinique, provides the possibility of studying the psychological effects on colonized nations. On the other hand, the Iranian author, Jalal Al-e Ahmad who did not however live under a colonial system, presents the colonialism in the form of a cultural imperialism in his book The Occidentalized. A comparative analysis on both works proves a common approach to colonialism, post-colonialism and occidentalized between the both authors. The objective of the current article is, firstly, to review the history of colonization and occidentalization. In the following, based on the ideas of postcolonial and comparative literature theorists such as Edward Saïd and Jean-Marc Moura, the sociocultural contexts of the books will be analytically studied to present the impacts of colonialism and occidentalized on the culture and the literature of a society. This study will study and compare the specific approaches and solutions of Farntz Fanon and Al-e Ahmad to overcome these impacts.

The present article proposes an interdisciplinary study of one of the major French Revolution issues, which is "the happiness of modern individual". Literature either as a philosophical thought or as fictional platform tries to respond to individual and social needs, in order to help them to realize their ideals. The commitment of juridical and philosophical agents in sociological, political and ideological issues of their era is obvious, but for recognizing their social positioning and literary reaction to different concerns, one or the selection of their works should be studied and clarified. That's the reason that we first made a brief study in jurists and writer-philosopher's opinions about divorce as the guarantor of the individual happiness, then, we have studied some of nineteen century's writer's fictional texts to show how happiness depends on political, religious and ethical characteristics in their opinion.

In French language, adverbs and conjunctions play an important role in cohesion the coherence of the text ; i.e. on the semantic structure of the text. Therefore, it may be argued that a change of place of these linguistic elements, of a grammatical morpheme, on the syntagmatic axis may lead to a modification in the meaning of the sentence. In present article, we study the semantic-linguistic issues relating to the different uses of French conjunctions and their subcategories such as ; so, as well as, etc., compared to their locations in the sentence.
The results of this research will then lead to two different practical implications : one in the teaching-learning of the conjunctions in the courses of French as a foreign language, and the other is related to pedagogic or professional translation. Obviously, the teacher or translator's awareness of the semantic shifts arising from the location varieties of the conjunctions of our study will bear fruit in their pedagogical and translational practices.

The Geocriticism reflects a renewed interest in the relation of literature to space. Founded by Bertrand Westphal, it revolves around three aspects : the spatio-temporality, transgressivity, referentiality. Studying spatio-temporality question in the poems of Apollinaire and Sepanlou, makes the pace degree of various spaces outstanding and indicates modernism and traditionalism. Also the notion of transgression in their poems helps us recognize the alien in geographical differences. Studying the notion of referentiality also indicates that one can not consider the space as a result that preexists before the text, but it is the text that creates the space. Therefore, the Space deserves analysis. Hence, the entire paradisiacal idealism which could be noticed in the poems of two poets, gives us a source of special examples in order to reconstruct the world in which we live.