مجله الجمعیه العلمیه الایرانیه للغه العربیه و آدابها، فصلیه علمیه محکمه
سال دوازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 39، صیف 2016)

Time and location are considered as the main narrative techniques, while every event happens in a time and a location. These two elements of the novel make mutual relationships with other components of the story such as characters and events, and make the novel better and more meaningful. This article discusses the classic novel: al-ayam, by Taha Hussein, considering time and place and space in the narration, and visual and auditory aesthetic techniques in it. In the analyses, there is a relying on the depiction of the internal aspect of characters and recitation locations based on public locations and Infinite locations divided by Ury Lutman. Also, narrative techniques such as recess and forecast are eked out. The main method in this research is analytic method and sometimes internal and psychological analysis method. Most of the examples are from the novel itself.

Al-ajoaniat or The Brotherhood Literature is a popular type of lyrics during Zand era. An example of Al-ajoaniat lyrics is poetic correspondences between Tabīb Isfahānī and Hātef Isfahānī. Three purposeful poems have been remained from the Arabic lyrics that Tabīb Isfahānī in Shiraz had sent to Hātef Isfahānī in Isfahān. It should be noted, however, that only one purposeful poem has been survived among the ones sent from Hātef to Tabīb. In the present study, this latter poem, and Tabīb’s poem in reply to it, have been investigated. This study investigates the purposes, the genres, the themes, arrangements of the themes and the principal issues of these two purposeful poems. Analyses of stylistic features of these poems is another purpose of the current study. Due to the variety of the issues, three different research methods including a historical method, a thematic approach based on common words in the text, and a formal method were applied. The principal finding from the analyses of such poems was the use of some words and expressions. Some important results of this research are relative weakness of Hātef Isfahānī in Arabic language and its special elegance. In this research, some new distiches of Hātef is introduced for the first time.

Sharif Aldin Muhammad Ibn Saeid Bousiri’s reputation owes to eulogy about the prophet Mohammad, especially an ode titled “Alkokab Aldarie fi Madeh Khayr Albarieh” known as “Bordeh” which is an excellent Arabic poem and has received attention from scholars. It has been copied by many poets after him. From among such works, one can name the long ode from Ali Ahmed Baksir titled “Nezam Albordeh” or “Zekri Muhammad (PBUM)”. It differs from others in that it is not a pure eulogy and it was to serve other adhering to fundamentals of Islamic community. In this eulogy about the Messenger, with help from The Messenger’s sacred nature, he resisted the invasion of west and Zionism and that is why the ode enjoys a political air, replete with religious and patriotic sensations. Thus, his work is considered a classic example of resistance poetry. The present paper investigates the poetry styles of two odes: “Bordeh Bosiri” and “Nezam Albordeh Baksir”. It studies their Macrostructures, poetic images, affection, musicality, and the poetic language adopting a topical- analysis approach.

This research is about a comparative study of the translation of the Days, Taha Hossein’s autobiography (Al-Ayyam) . This book has been translated into Persian by Hossein Khadivjam about three decades ago, and has been highly regarded by some of the famous literary figures in Iran. In this article, the writer has compared the translation of the first volume with its main text and has noticed that in spite of the great efforts exerted by Khadivjam in translating this book, it seems that his translation suffers from considerable problems. In the present study, the researcher has tried to extract and show some sentences and phrases, and investigate and criticize the translation from three aspects: indirect translation, addition in translation, and errors of translation. The result of this study is summarized in three basic points: A. despite some stylistic beauties in the translation, it suffers from errors that cannot be ignored; B. this study is based on scientific method and lack of personal point of view; C. indicating some conditions and limitations for the translators in order to reach a good translation.

Ibn Vardi was considered the top poet with social criticism in Aleppo, despite the fact that there were other poets who had joined him in this art. He was able to accurately portray much of what was in his time and environment. The miseries and problems that excited him and influenced him deeply affected the production of these poems. Many critics pointedly express what he felt and tried to raise. The voice of criticism in his poems show the importance of social issues in the poet’s mind. Spelling ali robbed virtues and stick vices in general and with that we glimpse the status of the individual in satire some almhguin except that here that individual nature collective meaning that spelling was not focused on the animate almhgueyen as it is the position of the bad qualities that are harmful to society and for which ahjahm poets and won them.

It is not literature which is the subject matter for Formalists but literariness. It means examining those aspects of the text which distinguish its language from everyday speech and which separates it from exterior contexts. The present paper endeavors to study Sheik Salim Takhtee’s ode “Lamiya al-Kurd.” Born in 1855, he has become the Kurdish Emra al-Gheith among Kurdish men of letters. The poet applies a beautiful equilibrium, in its different types, and defamiliarization, at the paradigmatic and syntagmatic layers, in order to express his feelings for his object of praise. The paper concludes that the dual oppositions of heart and reason comprise the large part of the ode in a sort of dialectics. At the end of the first stanza, it is the heart which is the triumphant side. However, in the second stanza, when the poet deals with the main subject of the poet, i.e. praising Sheik Zia al-Din, we observe a decrease in the text’s aesthetic beauty.

In the wake of Quran, there were various Arabic accents among the tribes, in which each reciter recited the Quran in his tribe by his own accent. Different readings led to the creation of some minor grammatical differences. This paper studies the influence of Quranic readings on shaping the Arabic scholars’ grammatical viewpoints in schools of Kuffi and Basri. The conclusion is that the Kuffi school, with the aim of making some principles or rules, has been influenced by different Quranic readings. Basri School only used the Quranic readings to strengthen a theory or pre-edited rules. On the other hand, the grammatical scholars do not hesitate to cite the famous readings. Sibawayh's contribution in this area is the greatest, and great grammarians are not referring to aberrant readings. Kassai has accepted some Quranic and unpopular readings, and used it as the basis of his grammar viewpoint. In contrast, Farra, who could not adapt the famous Qur’anic readings with his grammar viewpoint, inevitably has rejected them. Therefore, the extreme and non-extreme viewpoints belong to Kofian grammarians.

"Eshteghal" is one of the grammatical structures and speech rules used in holy Quran. In this kind of structure, a noun comes first, then there is a verb which operates on the pronoun of the first noun. or operates on a noun which has a pronoun referred to the first noun. Although "Eshteghal" has different types, it is used 43 times in Quran. Commentators have the same idea about 7 of these cases, and most types of this structure are not applied in Quran. This article is going to study "Eshteghal" structure in Quran, present Islamic scientist opinions about it, and finally draw some conclusions by comparing them. Some of the results include the following: Eshteghal is only used in Quran, so that it is not common; it is used for some holly cases like Quran, paradise, etc. or some religiously indecent cases such as hell and some disfavored trips, and some special creatures like human beings, mountains and the earth; and 29 times out of 43, the subject of the verb "Mashghul" is God. Another result is that, this kind of structure is used 15 times in Medina surahs and 28 times in Meccan surahs. Such a phenomenon seems logical because paradise and hell are propounded in Meccan surahs which are about prophetic mission. “Eshteghal” is separately discussed in many grammatical books or in some articles, but till now, no research has discussed it specifically in Quran. The result of this article can be useful for Quran and grammer scientists.

Nowadays, empowering students in terms of critical thinking is one of the most important missions upheld by specialists in teaching and training sectors. In order to empower students in this territory, embodying critical thinking skills in the textbooks seems very essential. Critical thinking, one of whose definitions is “thinking about thinking in order to improve thinking”, includes several skills such as “inference, acquaintance of assumptions, interpretation and explanation, perception, evaluation of reasoning, and …”. In this research, we deal with just five skills presented by Watson and Glaser. By the method of content analysis, this research tries to evaluate the situation of critical thinking in the contents of Arabic literature textbooks in the B.A. level of Arabic language and literature. The statistical samples for this research include six books amongst the collection of Arabic literature textbooks in the universities of Iran. Some findings of this research put an emphasis on favoring contents of Arabic literature textbooks with critical thinking skills, and also show that inference skill, especially in the problems of Arabic literature textbooks, is more frequent (74%) than other skills. Other skills, particularly perception skill (0%), are not concerned much by the authors.

Muslims’ disturbed minds after Mongol invasion either escape from reality in a melancholic way and wanders in imagination and the world beyond, or get fascinated by their so-called colorful and illustrious past; they loathe whatever appeals to the sense of innovation, freshness, and even non-Islamic features. As a corollary, there exists erroneous interpretations and extended and strange metaphors in verses in imitation of those practiced in past; and there is exclusive rereading and rewriting of historical writing and a lack of innovation in prose and academic writing .
Having identified the factors which led to a dynamic movement of authoring and writing in post-Mongol invasion period (the period of decadence), the present study discusses the development of writing commentaries, annotation or excerpts by Arab authors at this period. It is believed that such a trend toward historical writing and writing commentaries and excerpts is considered as a protection for Islamic-Arabic heritage which mainly contributed to the promotion of emulation in this period as well as a sense of nostalgia and respectful attitude toward the past; an attitude which is on the one hand, cultivated by prevalent critical attitudes of that period and the duties assigned for poets and authors by their contemporary critics, and on the other hand, is reflected by Muslim’s mental, social, political, and religious conditions in that period.

More than 1.5 million Arabic language tourists visit Mashhad city in light of Razavi holy shrine. As Iran’s spiritual capital, Mashhad has a lot of capabilities, and is equipped with hospitals, prominent doctors and natural attractions. The Arab language tourists visit Mashhad for the following aims: recreation, pilgrimage, medical treatment, and trading. By recognizing the available job opportunities in this city by considering hosts of its visitors whose language is Arabic, the necessity of this research is clear.
In the present research, the author tries to identify the available job opportunities which are suitable for Arabic language graduates in Mashhad city by using descriptive method and statistical analysis. Also, this research explores the challenges these graduates face for accessing related jobs and their various especial branches and some suitable suggestion are offered.
The result of this field research show that in both public and private sectors in various realms as tourism organization, hotel management, travel service agencies, historical complexes, health tourism, guiding Arabic language tourists, radio and television organization, and office of endowments need Arabic language graduates to apply their knowledge in their own related realms.

With the development of Internet, e-commerce has become a necessity in today's society. Electronic commerce has stepped beyond the bounds of international color to take. Using the potential of e-commerce, products and services can be introduced to the people of other countries, in addition to its large contribution to the development of non-oil exports and creation of jobs for the youth of this nation. Regarding the situation in Iran, Arabic countries, including Iraq could be one of the main destinations of exports of goods and services from Iran. Students of Arabic language and literature, as well as those who are proficient in international language, can be used for employment and economic activities, in addition to the development of non-oil exports to Arabic countries. Among Arab countries, Iraq is one of the largest trading partners of Iran, and because of the culture and religion, the development of e-commerce has great potential subscribers. The volume of trade between Iran and Iraq is now nearly six billion dollars a year. In case Arabic graduates make an entry into e-commerce, the trade between the two countries will increase.