نشریه التیام
سال یکم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1394)

Veterinarians are sometimes asked to anesthetize non-domestic animals. Since physical restraint of wild animals can be dangerous and may result in injury of the personnel or animal, chemical immobilization is the method of choice for most situations. Chemical immobilization of wildlife typically requires remote drug delivery. Remote delivery of injectable anesthetics can be accomplished intramuscularly via pole syringe, blowgun or other power projection systems (pistol and rifle) for short procedures. Generally, inhalation anesthesia is recommended for maintenance of anesthesia. Similar to domestic species, careful monitoring and supportive care are important during anesthesia. The first part of this article focuses on the major principles of wildlife capture, handling and remote drug delivery systems. In the second part, details of the drugs and anesthetic techniques in some wild animal species will be discussed.

Lameness is one of the major welfare and economic challenges in dairy cattle industry around the world. Lameness as a syndrome has many causes contain; infectious, traumatic, nutritional and metabolic causes. The majority of the causes of lameness, affect the foot region. This article has a review on the main infectious diseases of the feet in dairy cows. The diseases that will be discussed are; interdigital necrobacillosis (foot rot), digital dermatitis, interdigital dermatitis, heel horn erosion and mud fever. All of these are caused by bacteria that are found in the cow's environment. Low hygiene, high humidity and systemic and local immune disturbances can predispose the cows to these infections. Prevention and control of the infectious diseases of the feet in cow is based on hygienic, nutritional and other management measures such as foot bath.

General practitioners are commonly encountered to the oral and dental diseases that are sometimes required emergency management. In some circumstances they will not even be asked to treat it. While it may be rare, emergency veterinarians will be faced with the occasional oral/dental problem and appropriate treatment can be critical for short term comfort as well as long term prognosis. Unfortunately during training in veterinary school students are not taught details in veterinary dentistry and they only receive general information about oral health and disease. However in some conditions the disease requires emergency treatment. This article will introduce the more common “emergency” oral/dental presentations. Their clinical presentation, appropriate diagnostic plan, and emergency therapy will be discussed.

Proptosis as an ophthalmic emergency is displacement of the eyeball out of the eye socket which typically occurs following trauma to the face or head. Due to differences in facial conformation, certain breeds of dog with prominent, bulging eyes, short noses, and shallow sockets (brachycephalic dogs) are more prone to eye proptosis than others. The prognosis for retaining vision after proptosis is poor. The most common causes of proptosis in dogs are fight with a larger dog and blunt trauma to the face and head of animal. Diagnosing of proptosis is based on physical examination findings, radiographic evaluation for fracture of the bones of face and jaw and staining of the cornea. Treatment of proptosis the severity of injury is eyeball lubrication, antibiotic therapy, replacement of the eye and enucleation. Present article is a comprehensive review about all aspect of traumatic proptosis in small animals.

General anesthesia is defined as controlled and reversible depression of the central nervous system. Apart from the central nervous system, other functions of the body are also affected directly or indirectly by the anesthetic drugs in such a way that there is always the probability of irreversible derangements and patient mortality during anesthesia. Continuous observation of the anesthetized patient to ensure adequate physiological function and depth of anesthesia is termed monitoring of anesthesia. Strict monitoring increases the safety of anesthetic drugs and reduces patient mortality. The importance of familiarity with the techniques of monitoring in small animal anesthesia is due to the fact that almost all surgical procedures in dogs and cats are conducted under general anesthesia. In this article, various methods of anesthetic monitoring in small animals will be described.

Developmental orthopedic disease (DOD) is one of the most multifactorial disorder occurs in the young and growing foal. Nutritional imbalances, genetic predisposition, trauma, growth rate and endocrine factors are the most its etiological factors. DOD is categorized to different disorders including osteochondritis dissecans, subchondral bone cysts, angular limb deformities, flexural deformities, physitis, cubodial bone abnormalities, wobbler syndrome and juvenile osteoarthritis that understanding, treatment and prevention of them are very important. Some of these diseases are discribed briefly in this article.

For communicating with the environment (other horses, foals, owner, etc.), horses have to use different methods. In contrast with the human, whom talking is the most important way of communication, the horses can’t talk. In the years 1990s and before, the imagination was such that the infants does not express verbally to the pain either (like horses). To communicate, horses use their body language. Vocalization (if there is no the body language) seems to be the most important way of communication in the horses, though it seems they use the same tone when exposing to different events. In this study which was performed in collaboration with the electronic institute of Sharif technical university (the top most technical university of the country), totally 25 horses were used. The horses were exposed to different events (hunger, pain, loneliness, mating, parturition and separation of the 1-2 weeks old foals from their dams). The verbal expressions of the horses were studied using spectrogram.The results of this study showed that there were significant differences between the spectrograph of the voices of the horses, exposed to hunger, and the separation of the foals from dams. This was the same (no significant differences) when horses were exposed to loneliness, separation and the hunger. There were no significant differences between the verbal expressions of the horses while exposed to mating and parturition.