نشریه حفاظت و بهره برداری از منابع طبیعی
سال پنجم شماره 1 (1395)

Different cultures are reflected as collections of words in the language. The connotations of these words are undoubtedly related to the experience and career awareness of people in every region. Use of specialized terminology in native pastures accounts for a precious heritage, the role of which is of great importance for extension, maintenance and continuous exploitation of natural areas. In recent years, the approach of society to traditional knowledge of range users and dignity of their career, which not long ago was a pillar of strength and development of rural socio-economic structure, has been faded due to the oblivion of these words. This study aimed to identify, extend and define the specific herding terminology among pastoral nomads of Shahsavan tribe in summer pastures of the Sabalan mountain, Ardabil province.
The terms offered in this article are based on the results of a collaborative research conducted in the study area. Initially, some representatives were selected as informants and then, at the right moment, nonstructural dialogue was taken by communicating in a friendly way. Statements including words and sentences were recorded as keywords or detailed information and then conversations were analyzed at the appropriate time. This research started in June 2012 and ended in December of the same year. Overall, a number of 100 range beneficiaries in 13 groups (male and female) and 45 people were interviewed individually, in which deep and purposeful interviews were undertaken, and information and vocabulary related to the exploitation of rangelands in the themes such as types of rangelands and vegetation cover, type of livestock grazing on rangelands, herding sites and buildings, naming and of herds, words of herdingrelated career classes, and terms related to weather and climate information were collected and classified.
Concluding results of the respondents’ remarks showed that about one hundred applied words, which were common in their conversation concerning pasture and range management, could be identified among the users of Shahsavan nomads for the management, conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.
The results also showed that the connotation scope of this terminology is the product of observations accompanied by constant interest of the users during a long time that has been improved in a social regular structure. It not only affects the development of the vocabulary treasures but also influences the expansion of range science.

Recent literature paid high attention to scenic evaluation of natural landscapes. The individual perception, due to the perceptual characteristics of landscape, is different from one to another and this is what called as “aesthetic preferences” in this study. These perceptions are different from one to other as a result of landscapes diversity and based on the shape, color, texture, rhythm, suitability, balance, symmetry, order, direction and continuity. The aim of this research was to identify the objective and subjective criteria which are effective on the scenic beauty perception of landscapes.
This is a reviewing research which is done by librarian method and using the existing documents. In this paper, related components and variables have been surveyed by investigating landscape elements.
land use planners usually assess the scenic value of landscapes using the objective and subjective approaches. At the first approach, landscape visual quality is defined by physical and biological values of landscape such as diversity of toposhape, vegetation cover, water features and man-made features and in the second approach is defined according to the individual vision, perception and feeling.
This paper is presented a list of objective and subjective criteria which are effective on scenic value of a landscape and the role of each criterion in the preference of a landscape is expressed. Final conclusions showed that spatial expansion of a landscapes without proper aesthetic impact assessments will endanger the high valuable tourism natural resources, therefore recognizing of objective and subjective factors seems to be necessary for proper assessment. Aesthetic quality should not be considered as the only inherent characteristic of an object but also the differentiation of mind and nature would make it easier to honor the role of emotions in estimation of landscape aesthetic preferences, actually aesthetic analyzing can be examined by a degree of objectivity based on public preferences. The combination of objective and subjective approaches could be used as a comprehensive method to assess the aesthetic quality of a landscape. Regarding that the visual sense has the most impact on the quality of recreational experience of individuals so assessing the aesthetic and visual quality of a landscape should be regarded as a fundamental part in land use planning and management projects.

In this study morphological characteristics and chemical composition of Calotropis procera species were analysed with the goal of applying its wood in wood and paper industry. This species has been studied due to its resistance to drought, its numerous applications in industries such as rubber and textile industry and medicinal properties of its root bark in treatment of various diseases. Also it has three fibers in seed pod, bark and stem. This species was sampled from Jiroft in Kerman province of Iran.
Material and For determining the chemical composition, samples were taken from 1/3 of stem height and powder of wood was prepared according to standard T257om-85 of regulations TAPPI. Content of holocellulose, cellulose, lignin, ash, acetone-soluble extractive and hot water extractive were measured according to TAPPI methods. Fibers in stem, stem bark, branch and branch bark were separated by Franklin method. Dimension of fibers were measured with electronic microscope. Anatomical studies were performed based on International Association for Wood Anatomy (IAWA).
The anatomical characteristics, fiber biometry and chemical compounds of this species were recorded. Mean values of trunk and Bark fibers length were 1.09 and 15 mm, respectively. Branch bark of this plant has long fibers and its trunk fiber length was in the range of poplar wood fibers. Fiber diameter, cavity diameter and wall thickness of trunk fiber were 37.5, 29.0, and 4.37 µm, respectively. The biometry factors include raunkel, flexibility, and slenderness ratios of fibers were determined 30.65, 76.53, and 28.92, respectively. Results of trunk chemical compounds analysis showed that, the trunk is composed of %58.76 cellulose, %25.6 lignin, %1.56 acetone-soluble extractives, %6.5 hot water soluble extractives and %1.66 ash.
According to the results of the chemical analysis, this species has low extractives and ash content but the amount of lignin was high. Cellulose content of this species is higher than the typical cellulose content of hardwood and softwood species. This feature is an important characteristic in paper making industry due to its direct effect on pulping efficiency. Therefore regarding the suitability of trunk fibers and high cellulose contents, this species can be used in lignocellulosic industries such as paper making.

Biscogniauxia mediterranea as an opportunistic fungus and cause of Charcoal disease is a major problem in the oak forest stands with Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean climate. For the first time in Iran charcoal disease was observed in 2011 in Hyrcanian and Zagros forests on the species of Quercus castaneifolia, Zelkova carpinifolia, and Q. brantii, respectively. However there is not accurate information about the risks and threats of this disease in the country's forests.
This research focuses on evidences and effective pattern on presence, spread and comprehension of processes and interaction of charcoal disease agent with forest trees and finally its control and management methods.
Symptoms of B. mediterranea cankers include the reduced canopy crown volume, dry branches and pieces of the bark around tree. Many factors, such as defoliation, saturated soil moisture, soil compaction and removal, excavation within the root crown, drought, ground water table drop, nutrients limitation, competition or high density of trees and dust can cause ecosystem weakness and spread of the disease. There is not an efficient method to control the disease except to cut and remove the infected trees from forest. But the most effective management strategy is to avoid stress on trees, so that trees can improve their ability to defend themselves against the disease. Few in vitro studies have been performed via antagonistic fungi for biological control of disease, but no effective method in forest ecosystem has been reported.
Most likely the forests are affected by stress due to climatic change; therefore, the effects of climate changes on healthy forests should be carefully evaluated. The climate changes cause pathogens outbreak and migration and introduction of new hosts and potential vectors. These factors increase outbreak and spatial distribution of forest trees diseases. Therefore because of the severe damage of this disease to forests in north and west of Iran, more comprehensive studies should be done in these forests to provide useful approaches to control oak charcoal disease.

After the nationalization of rangelands, the indigenous management practices have gradually disappeared and beneficiaries focused on overgrazing, which resulted in negative effects on rangelands and caused lose of rangelands wealth creation. Due to poor condition of rangelands and lack of ownership, beneficiarie's children do not have an interest in continuing their father's job. Lack of motivation of beneficiaries, lack of interest in younger generation as well as gradual elimination of indigenous knowledge and failure to transfer it to the next generation has caused a lot of damages to animal husbandry system. Actually, indigenous knowledge is experimental solutions earned by human over the years to solve the problems based on the past experiences. This knowledge is dynamic, tempered over time and has high efficiency. Therefore lack of awareness about it makes the proper implementation of animal husbandry in each region difficult and uneconomical. This knowledge is understandable, simple, and efficient, and is transferred orally; therefore, the lack of indigenous knowledge transfer will result in loss of a several thousand-year-old scientific treasure.
The aim of this research was to qualitatively investigate the rural animal husbandry system and indigenous knowledge in the villages of Baghro region, Ardabil province. This research was aimed to investigate the efficiency of rural animal husbandry and to evaluate the beneficiarie's indigenous knowledge about proper range management and the transfer of this knowledge to the next generation. For this purpose the qualitative technique of focus group discussion, individual interview and observations were applied. Focus group discussion and individual interview were applied to collect indigenous knowledge. The interest of beneficiarie's children to continue animal husbandry and their indigenous knowledge were evaluated by observations and interviews. Overall, the knowledge of beneficiaries on rural animal husbandry was recorded with formation of 24 group sessions and 36 individual interviews during two non-continuous months (2013-2014) and the theory saturation stage was reached.
Results showed that indigenous communities have abundant and very useful scientific knowledge for range management among which not changing the pasture in the time of livestock mating, installing seed bags at the neck of male goats, having a right livestock composition in the herd, segmentation of pasture, rotation grazing and Preventing livestock grazing on steep slopes could be mentioned. Our results clearly showed that unfortunately most of young beneficiaries had little interest in continuing animal husbandry and they had learned less than a third of indigenous knowledge.
Our results clearly showed that indigenous knowledge of beneficiaries in the studied area is acceptable and practical therefore animal husbandry system is qualified enough for proper range management. In addition, unfortunately, due to lack of interest in the younger generation to continue animal husbandry, the indigenous knowledge has remained in the heart of the older beneficiaries and is not fully transferred to the next generation. Therefore, this issue doubles the necessity of collecting and recording the indigenous knowledge of each region.

Identification and documentation of the resources used by large herbivores are one of the fundamental principles in animal ecology, which is essential to conservation of endangered species and population management. We examined food sources used by deer in Ashk Island, Urmia lake national park in the spring season of 2011. Given that the Persian fallow deer is an endangered species and its population is growing in the island of Ashk, therefore investigation of its nutritional status is an undeniable necessity for sustainable management of this introduced population to the island.
The amount of exploited plants by deer was measured using 10*10 quadrats. Stem count method was used to estimate the density of plant species in the quadrats. To determine the preference of sources, the Manly selection index was used. Also G test was used to test the null hypothesis that animals are selecting resources at random.
Results showed that among the existent plant species the Persian fallow deer in the Ashk Island in spring prefer Oat (Avenafatua), Tausch's goat grass (AegilopstauschiiCosson) and Wild Garlic (Allium akaka) than other species, also they showed a relative avoidance for wild pistachio (Pistaciaatlantic) and perfect avoidance for buckthorn (RhamnuspallasiiFisch& C.A. Mey).
Finally, with regard to the interactions in plant-herbivore system along with climate changes in global scale and unpredictable seasonal fluctuations in local scale that leads to direct and indirect changes on habitat resources therefore it is suggested that based on habitat conditions and plant community, in consecutive years and seasons, needed essential resource and carrying capacity of this species must be monitored.

The present study was carried out in 2012 to assess and compare the heavy metals concentration (Pb, Cd) in muscle tissue of karut croaker (Argyrosomus hololepidotus) and its relationship with age groups in north western of the Persian Gulf waters.
Samples were collected during March to October from Abadan and Hendijan fishery stations. 48 fish samples were collected in 3 age groups. In order to assess heavy metals in karut croaker with different age groups the samples were divided into 3 age classes of under 2, 2-4 and 4-6 years. Complex samples were obtained from mixing separated muscles of different samples. Complex samples were chemically digested by wet method and assessment of heavy metals concentration was done using atomic absorption device.
Average of Pb and Cd concentrating in muscle tissue were 312.25± 63.49 and 154.17±16.8 microgram per kilogram dried Wight, respectively. The most amount of heavy metal concentration among different age groups was observed in the age group of 4-6 years which was 388±26.49 and 169.75±11.14 for Pb and Cd, respectively. Relationship between age and Pb concentrating showed significantly positive trend (P Pb and Cd concentration of the studied samples were under permissible limits of WHO and FDA.