نشریه اندیشه مدیریت راهبردی
سال هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 15، بهار و تابستان 1393)

Research and writing on management have given a great deal of attention to managing societies، organizations، groups، and individuals، but little attention to self- management. Utilizing «grounded theory» as a qualitative research method، this article attempts to answer the question of how one can manage oneself. Our answer is based on Imam Khomeini`s ideas in his noteworthy book «Forty Hadithes». To this end، eight hadithes were selected by theoretical sampling method and analyzed. Their key points were then derived and coded، and related concepts and categories were identified. Due to the achieved model، self- management has two stages: the first is related to the worldly aspect of human beings، which pertains to administrating our visible faculties and amending our actions and behaviors. The second stage is related to the invisible and sublime aspect of human existence، which is accompanied by managing the triple faculties i. e. al-quwwah al-wahmiyyah، al-quwwah al-ghadabiyyah، and al-quwwah al-shahawiyyah. Self-management strategies at first stage are contemplation، resolve، stipulation، self-vigilance، self-examination، and remembrance. Those of the second stage are retention of fancy، equilibrium، and amendment of habits which in their own turn contain theoretical and practical solutions.

The purpose of this qualitative study is to explore an indigenized model for environmental policy formulation in Iran، using grounded theory. In this regard an open interview with 16 experts and 2 separate historical and Islamic studies were conducted. By data analysis in open coding process 119 abstract concepts in the form of 40 main categories were extracted. Then، in the phase of axial coding، the links between these categories were determined، which caused a coding paradigm. Finally، in the process of selective coding 5 theoretical propositions were obtained. The results indicate that the indigenized model consists of environmental actors as causal conditions، environmental actions as mutual action/reaction strategies and environmental Meta policies as intervening conditions. In addition، soft and hard contextual components facilitate environmental policy formulation.

Marketing is a field that is not conceptually and practically limited to the area of trade and commerce. Techniques of this science are used in other areas such as political marketing as well as the approach of handling public affairs known as the new public management. One of the new approaches of this science is social marketing whose goal is solving social problems for increasing social welfare whereas the goal of commercial marketing is increasing the profit of organization. Topics such as health، fighting against smoking and alcohol and drug consumption، helping the poor and the sick، etc. are issues considered in social marketing. Poverty is one unbearable problem in the Muslim community. One of the religious ways to treat poverty is redistribution of income، a form of which is voluntary contributions (infaq). This article attempts to recognize different advertising methods found in the Holy Quran about creating appeal for infaq. To do this، a thematic research in the Quran is done and the validation of results is established on the basis of valid Quranic interpretations. The results show that three types of rational، emotional and intimidatory appeals exist in the verses pertaining to infaq in the Holy Quran. In addition، a fourth appeal،which may be called confidence appeal، is discovered in the social marketing of infaq، which could be as effective.

Political behaviour in organization is a problematic issue. In spite of different perspectives-negative and positive- toward this phenomenon، it is an inseparable part of organizational life. It is also a common phenomenon in Iran with respect to the domination of informal over formal organization and a willingness to break the law in Iranian business environments. This study sought to identify common political behaviors and logical basics for using them by the private sector managers. To do this، qualitative method and grounded theory strategy were selected and depth interviews were performed with 21provincial top managers of the private sector. We then identified and conceptualized 20 common political behaviors. Classification and identification of behavior within the organization shows that ''power'' isn’t a mere keyword in behavior typology، but due to the private nature of the units،it is the quality of using power to influence in two forms of hard-soft and active-reactive which describes managers'' political behavior and distinction between their behaviours in the forms of confrontation and effectiveness.

In institutionalism، the explanation of property rights has near relevance to the concept of modern state. Therefore، institutional explanations about property rights have immediate relevance to public policy frameworks. Among them، the “Ostrom’s Institutionalism”، as one of the most important institutional approaches in recent years، due to its unique interpretation of the modern state، implemented such a change in public policy property rights that resulted in the creation of a new public policy model، called “Self- Governance”. Consequently، due to the ignorance of these institutional framework capabilities and capacities in our country''s policy- making، this study، by using the analytical and descriptive method، has explained this public policy approach as a model the novelty value of which made Mrs. Ostrom be awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics in 2009. As it will be seen، in this public policy model، the separation of policy levels and transference of some parts of governance duties to operational undertakers of economic and social activities has more compatibility with modern governance foundations besides inducing lower transaction costs in social and economic activities through a change in securing property rights model and the actors'' incentives.

The purpose of this study is to examine the personality traits of different types of behavioral resistance to change according to the experiences of senior managers of public organizations in Rafsanjan، in the framework of phenomenology، and within the theoretical framework of the school of personality traits and attitudinal approach to resistance to change. The data was gathered based on typical sampling up to theoretical saturation and was analyzed by using Maxqda software. The findings showed that saboteurs are، characteristically speaking، melancholic، ISTJ، with an internal locus of control، unadaptable، introverted، narcissistic، undutiful، and highly Machiavellian. Survivors are sanguine، ENFP، with an external locus of control، adaptable، and with low openness to experience. The protesters can be classified into two types: narcissistic and benevolent. Some of their personality traits are shared and others are peculiar to each. Internal locus of control، extroversion، and high self-esteem and confidence are the shared traits. However، narcissistic protestors are specifically choleric and benevolent protestors are sanguine، adaptable and dutiful. Also alienated characters are phlegmatic، adaptable، routine seekers، narrow-minded، and not risk takers، and have low openness to experience، with high cognitive rigidity، and high emotional reaction to change.